Jekyll2023-11-05T07:11:43+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/feed.xmlKaixin YangKaixin's GardenWindows 11 Retrieve Old Right-Click Menu2022-02-05T16:00:00+00:002022-02-05T16:00:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/Windows-11-Retrieve-Old-Right-Click-Menu<h2 id="retrieve-old-right-click-menu">Retrieve Old Right-Click Menu</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>ref: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/417591763
For me, I always use shortcuts to create a new folder or file, but in the new menu, I need to use shift+F10 to open the full-version of menu first, which is quite annoying. To avoid that, I found this solution.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>We can use Registry Editor to retrieve the old version of Right-Click Menu.</p>
<p>Step 1: Use Win+R to call the <em>Run</em> window shown below, and type <em>regedit</em> to open Registry Editor.</p>
<p><img src="https://github.com/SceneryInMirror/SceneryInMirror.github.io/blob/master/assets/images/windows11_old_right_click_menu/image-20220205161803504.png?raw=true" alt="step1" /></p>
<p>Step 2: Find the folder “<em>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes\CLSID</em>”, right click on it, and select <em>New->Key</em>. Name the new key as “<em>{86ca1aa0-34aa-4e8b-a509-50c905bae2a2}</em>”.</p>
<p>Step 3: Right click on the new key we just added, select <em>New->Key</em>, and name it as “<em>InprocServer32</em>”.</p>
<p><img src="https://github.com/SceneryInMirror/SceneryInMirror.github.io/blob/master/assets/images/windows11_old_right_click_menu/image-20220205162415580.png?raw=true" alt="step3" /></p>
<p>Step 4: Rerun explorer.exe by running the following command in a terminal:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>taskkill /f /im explorer.exe & start explorer.exe
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><img src="https://github.com/SceneryInMirror/SceneryInMirror.github.io/blob/master/assets/images/windows11_old_right_click_menu/image-20220205162626763.png?raw=true" alt="step4" /></p>
<p>Then it should work.</p>
<p>To retrieve the new menu in Window 11, you can delete the key we add in the above steps.</p>ykxRetrieve Old Right-Click MenuInternational Teaching Assistant (ITA) Exam2021-08-11T21:00:00+00:002021-08-11T21:00:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/International-Teaching-Assistant-ITA-Exam<h2 id="international-teaching-assistant-ita-exam">International Teaching Assistant (ITA) Exam</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Ref:
<a href="https://ali.usc.edu/ita/">ITA - ALI</a>,
<a href="https://ali.usc.edu/online-ita-exam-instructions/">Instructions on online ITA exam - ALI</a>
<a href="https://ali.usc.edu/ita-terms/">ITA terms - ALI</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="interview-contents">Interview Contents</h4>
<ul>
<li>A brief interview in which you talk about your educational experience and interest in graduate studies at USC. (3-5 minutes)</li>
<li>An explanation of a term or concept (approximately 7 minutes). Two terms or concepts will be sent to you 24 hours prior to the exam so that you can prepare a simulated classroom presentation on one of those terms or concepts.</li>
<li>Option to choose ONE of the following tools in your presentation:
<ul>
<li>a maximum of 2 power point slides</li>
<li>a physical blackboard or a white board</li>
<li>a smart board or Zoom whiteboard</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The examiners will act as students and will ask questions about the term.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="presentation-contents">Presentation Contents</h4>
<p>In addition to providing a <strong>definition</strong> and <strong>explaining the importance of your term</strong>, it is recommended that your presentation include one or more of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Examples (practical and/or personal)</li>
<li>Analogies (e.g. “The structure of an atom is similar to that of the solar system.”)</li>
<li>Comparisons and/or contrasts</li>
<li>Word origin (meanings of prefix, suffix, root)</li>
<li>Drawings or diagrams</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="ita-terms-electrical-engineering"><a href="http://ali.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/Electrical-Engineering.pdf">ITA Terms (Electrical Engineering)</a></h4>
<p>There are about 100 topics for Electrical Engineering. I am more familiar with the topics related to circuits, communication and networks than the topics related to physics.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Familiar (49): Adder Design, Ripple Carry Adder vs. Carry Look-Ahead Adder; AM (amplitude modulation); AND gate; bandwidth; bit rate; Boolean expression; capacitance; Circuit analysis; CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) logic; continuous time system; current source; determinant of a matrix; discrete time system; DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory); encoder; Flash Memory; flip-flop; FM (frequency modulation); FOR-loop, WHILE-loop, recursive function call; full-adder; Half-Adder, Full-Adder, Ripple-Carry Adder; Karnaugh map; Kirchhoff’s current law; Kirchhoff’s voltage law; Laplace transform; Latches, Flip-Flops, Counters; linear circuit; Linear equivalence circuit; Logic gate; matrix; Multiplexer; NOT function; Observability; Ohm’s law; OR gate; Phasor diagram; probability density; random variable; random-access memory; resistance; ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory); Semiconductor; sensor; signal generator; signal-to-noise ratio; Synchronous systems – Clock and Clock Skew; Timing analysis of a digital circuit; Transmission gate in VLSI; voltage source</p>
</li>
<li>Known (14): Ampere’s law; diffusion current; error probability; feedback control system; filters (low-pass, band-pass, …); Fourier series; Fourier transforms; frequency response; Impulse of response; impulse response; inductance; modulation and demodulation; packet; step response</li>
<li>
<p>Not familiar (21): assembler; assembly language; balanced three-phase circuit; Bus Arbitration, Fixed priority vs. Round-robin priority; electromagnetic wave; FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays); ground reference; high-level language; Interrupt driven I/O (input/output) vs. Program driven I/O; local-area network; Maxwell’s equations; Mesh current; Microprocessor; oscilloscope; Potential energy barrier; protocol; resonant circuit; Sinusoidal steady-state analysis; stability criteria; subroutine; wide-area network</p>
</li>
<li>Unknown (15): accelerometer; actuator; asynchronous detection; closed-loop control; compiler; content-addressable memory; diode detector; Magnetism; open-loop control; Output-rate control; Permeability; recursive filter; root-locus; Rotating field; Tachometer generator</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="during-the-exam">During the Exam</h2>
<p>Two examiners attended the exam. One of them had a brief chat with me about my experience and research, and another one asked several questions during my presentation about bit rate.</p>
<p>Your speaking should be clear, fluent, and with good intonation. Compared with the technical content, they are more concerned with how you deliver the content and how you handle with the questions. Also, they expect to see your passion and confidence.</p>
<h2 id="after-the-exam">After the Exam</h2>
<p>I got 5.5 out of 7 and I am required to take one language course from ALI. It is a good experience and I have already learned a lot from Lucienne.</p>
<p>At the end of the semester, I took the ITA exam again and passed with a score of 6.</p>ykxInternational Teaching Assistant (ITA) ExamDebug Tools2020-06-28T00:00:00+00:002020-06-28T00:00:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/gdb-Debug<h1 id="gdb">GDB</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Ref:
<a href="https://linuxtools-rst.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/tool/gdb.html">Linux Tools Quick Tutorial</a>,
<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/rosesmall/archive/2012/04/10/2440514.html">GDB Debug Using Args</a>,
<a href="https://cs.baylor.edu/~donahoo/tools/gdb/tutorial.html">How to Debug Using GDB</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="start-gdb">Start GDB</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>When compiling, add ‘-g’ option: g++ -g hello.cpp -o hello</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>gdb hello</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="arguments">Arguments</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>(gdb) set args [arguments]</p>
<p>eg: (gdb) set args -v test.v</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="commands">Commands</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>run ( r ): run the program</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>continue ( c ): continue the debug</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>next ( n ): execute next line</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>step: step into a function</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>break [n] ( b [n] ): set breakpoint in line n</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>break [function] ( b [function] ): set breakpoint in the entrance of the function</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>break [file]:[n] ( b [file]:[n] ): set breakpoint in line n of the specified file</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>info breakpoints: list information of all breakpoints</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>disable [n]: disable break point n</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>list ( l ): show the source code</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>print [expression] ( p [expression] ): print the value of the expression</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="pdb">PDB</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Ref:
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3.2/library/pdb.html">pdb - The Python Debugger</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="start-pdb">Start PDB</h3>
<p>python -m pdb demo.py</p>
<h3 id="commands-1">Commands</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>next ( n ): execute next line</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>print ( p ): print the variable values</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>list ( l ): show the source code</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>step ( s ): step into a function</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>continue ( c ): continue the debug</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>break [n] ( b [n] ): set breakpoint in line n</p>
</li>
</ol>ykxGDBVim Commands2020-02-20T16:00:00+00:002020-02-20T16:00:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/Vim-Commands<h2 id="commands">Commands</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>command</th>
<th>function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>vim -O [filename1] [filename2]</td>
<td>open file1 & file2 simultaneously and split horizontally</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>vim -o [filename1] [fliename2]</td>
<td>open file 1 & file 2 simultaneously and split vertically</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:s/old/new</td>
<td>replace old string with new string for the first case in the line</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:s/old/new/g</td>
<td>replace old string with new string for every case in the line</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:%s/old/new/g</td>
<td>replace old string with new string for every case in the file</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="shortcuts">Shortcuts</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>key</th>
<th>function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>u</td>
<td>undo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ctrl+r</td>
<td>redo</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="multi-line-operations">Multi-line Operations</h2>
<h4 id="block-insert">Block Insert</h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Ctrl+v: select multiple lines</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>I (capital i): insert mode</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>insert the words</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Esc: after several seconds, the words are inserted to all selected lines</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="block-delete">Block Delete</h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Ctrl+v: select contents in multiple lines (with j, i, k and l)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>d: delete the selected contents</p>
</li>
</ol>ykxCommandsGraduate and Study Abroad2019-12-09T13:00:00+00:002019-12-09T13:00:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/Graduate-And-Study-Abroad<h1 id="出国党毕业事项整理">出国党毕业事项整理</h1>
<h2 id="1-国内事项">1 国内事项</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>提交学位论文</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>填报毕业去向(户籍,档案,报到证)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>填写毕业登记表</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>组织关系转出/暂留(针对党员同学)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>办理本科生成绩单</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>办理校友卡</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>毕业典礼</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>其他杂项:归还图书,退澡卡,离开宿舍</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="11-提交学位论文">1.1 提交学位论文</h3>
<p>2019届本科毕业生通知链接:http://portal.eecs.pku.edu.cn/content.jsp?urltype=news.NewsContentUrl&wbtreeid=1024&wbnewsid=1551</p>
<p>2019届信科本科生的答辩在5月31日之前完成,之后就可以在院内门户(portal.eecs.pku.edu.cn)上提交学位论文。</p>
<p>2019年的截止日期是6月25日,一般是6月初就完成论文的提交。</p>
<h3 id="12-填报毕业去向户籍档案报到证">1.2 填报毕业去向(户籍,档案,报到证)</h3>
<p>填报地址:https://scc.pku.edu.cn</p>
<h4 id="毕业去向的注意事项">毕业去向的注意事项</h4>
<p>填报毕业去向涉及3件事情:<strong>户口、人事档案和报到证</strong>。</p>
<p>2019届本科生的情况是:系统将在 <strong>6月25日</strong> 关闭,规定时间未提交去向的将会影响双证的领取。燕园派出所将对 <strong>6月11日</strong> 之前填报毕业去向(派遣、二分)的同学统一开出户口迁移证,之后会同报到证等材料一同发给大家;11日之后填报的同学和部分户口信息填写不准确的同学在领取报到证后自行前往燕园派出所户籍科办理户口迁移。 <strong>所以尽量在较早的ddl之前完成,否则会给自己添很多麻烦。</strong></p>
<p>报到证学院统一发放(时间另行通知)。</p>
<h4 id="如何填写毕业去向">如何填写毕业去向?</h4>
<ol>
<li>对于需要将户口和档案转回原籍的同学,需要首先和自家当地的人才交流中心/人才市场联系,确定这些信息:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>
<p>档案转寄单位(当地人才交流中心/人才市场全称)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>档案转寄单位联系人</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>档案转寄单位联系电话</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>档案转寄地址</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>档案转寄邮编</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>户口迁移地址(一般回原籍)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>报到证抬头(一般同”档案转寄单位”)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>报道单位地址(一般同”档案转寄地址”)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>
<p>以我为例,安庆市人才交流服务中心网站上提供了毕业生户籍转入办法:http://www.aqrc.net/html/GongZuoDongTai/1482.html</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>之后学校会负责将户口迁回原籍;档案寄送到接收单位;在学院领取报到证后,学生个人带着报到证到接收单位报到(不同地区报到政策不同,例如安庆市可以直接在线报到,而有些地区需要本人现场办理)。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="13-填写毕业登记表">1.3 填写毕业登记表</h3>
<p>毕业生登记表是全国高校毕业生都需要填写的表格,大约在6月中旬填写完成(我们班是要求6月17日之前填写完成)。</p>
<p>需要蓝底1寸免冠照片,其他个人信息按要求填写即可(会放入个人档案,所以尽量避免涂改)。</p>
<h3 id="14-组织关系转出暂留针对党员同学">1.4 组织关系转出/暂留(针对党员同学)</h3>
<p>党员同学毕业前需要特别注意的额外事项,需要在6月中下旬完成,届时学院和支部支书会有相应的通知和操作介绍。</p>
<p>一般组织关系根据毕业去向的不同,有不同的处理办法。根据我这一届的情况看,保研同学会转出到临时党支部,离校且有接收单位的同学转出到对应单位的党支部,离校但无接收单位的同学可以暂留学校或者转回原居住地的社区组织,出国党同样可以暂留学校或者转回原居住地的社区组织。</p>
<p>有接收党支部的需要确认党支部名称和介绍信抬头。出国党暂留学校需要填写对应的申请表,且暂留时间一般不超过5年,超过5年的,需要提前向学院提出申请。</p>
<h3 id="15-办理本科生成绩单">1.5 办理本科生成绩单</h3>
<p>可以提前在网站上申办,也可以自助打印。有三份材料:中文成绩单,英文成绩单,学位证明。</p>
<h3 id="16-办理校友卡">1.6 办理校友卡</h3>
<p>校友卡是毕业后进出校园和使用其他北大资源的有效证件。在毕业季期间会有通知,例如2019届的ddl是6月21日,在微信公众号上申请。</p>
<h3 id="17-毕业典礼">1.7 毕业典礼</h3>
<p>2019届信科毕业典礼时间是7月1日,全校本科生毕业典礼时间是7月4日。需要自行准备好学位服(在学院租或者在纪念品商店买)。</p>
<h3 id="18-其他杂项归还图书退澡卡离开宿舍">1.8 其他杂项:归还图书,退澡卡,离开宿舍</h3>
<p>杂项都会有专门通知,需要尽快安排好,不然堆积到一起会手忙脚乱…</p>
<h2 id="2-出国事项">2 出国事项</h2>
<ul>
<li>申请签证</li>
</ul>
<p>签证申请越早越好,因为一些敏感专业会有很长的check期。推荐4月份安排好面签,一定不要超过5月份,不然之后会很焦急。签证申请事项参见:https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/F1-Visa-Application/</p>
<ul>
<li>体检疫苗</li>
</ul>
<p>和当地国际旅行卫生保健中心预约体检(获取小红本)和疫苗本翻译(获取小黄本),小红本在出关的时候可能需要,小黄本可以向国外大学提供自己有效的疫苗接种记录。预约通知一般在主页上可以查到,例如:http://www.bithc.org.cn/ithcweb/bithc/xxfb/ggl/7823.jsp</p>
<p>体检疫苗预约也要提早,因为如果缺少的疫苗记录比较多,需要接种多针疫苗,而两针疫苗之间通常需要1个月的间隔,并且出国季疫苗紧张,可能需要接种的疫苗长期缺货(比如北京缺少MMR一个月),所以建议4月份或之前就开始确认预约时间(其实可以平时就弄好因为不像其他事情必须在毕业季完成),一般能够约到5月份(也可以不预约当天直接去排队取号,但是要很早到,比如6点半这种,然后开始排队等到8点才能取号,同时即使预约了也要早到,因为取号顺序与预约顺序无关,越早到越早结束)。</p>
<p>体检部分项目要求空腹,所以可以备好干粮,等到这些项目结束后补充能量。</p>
<p>如果小时候接种疫苗的记录本还健在的话,可以提供给保健中心来翻译成中英双语的小黄本,可以减少要打的疫苗针数,否则就要补齐所有要求的疫苗。</p>
<p>需要接种哪些疫苗要根据学校要求来决定(比如USC必须有的是2针水痘和2针MMR),提交疫苗记录的ddl不同学校也不同(大部分学校是在开学后一段时间,也就是说可以在国内接种完第一针后再到国外接种第二针,但要视具体情况而定)。</p>
<ul>
<li>机票</li>
</ul>
<p>建议提前购买,例如4、5月份,同时出发时间尽量比入学ddl提前几天,避免天气原因晚点(受台风影响严重晚点的血泪经历…)。</p>
<ul>
<li>租房</li>
</ul>
<p>租房也是越早越好,offer确认后就可以着手了,一般到5月份房源就很紧张。一些学校会提供学校公寓的抽签,但出结果通常比较慢。租房也有中介(在这里就不打广告了),可以向他们咨讯。除了价格外,一个重要的考量是安全,因为国外的环境远没有国内安全,所以租房前一定要做好功课,最好是位于有警察和安保人员巡逻的地方。</p>
<ul>
<li>手机卡、网络</li>
</ul>
<p>一种方法是在短期内使用电话漫游、流量天际通来过渡,保证不断网,之后办理美国的电话卡和网络运营商业务,另一种方法是在国内时购买中国电信的美洲手机卡,这样在国内就可以提前准备好了。</p>
<p>国内手机号如果需要保存的话,和运营商联系,套餐切换、保留通话、短信、国际漫游,这样在国外可以保证基本的电话和短信功能。</p>
<ul>
<li>生活用品</li>
</ul>
<p>大部分的生活用品在美国这边都可以买到,所以可以准备一些必需的短期过渡的生活用品,然后出国后慢慢补全。</p>
<hr />
<p>写的比较粗略,如果有任何疑问欢迎联系我:kaixin_yang@outlook.com</p>ykx出国党毕业事项整理F-1 Visa Application2019-05-15T16:30:00+00:002019-05-15T16:30:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/F1-Visa-Application<h3 id="flow">Flow</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Finish DS-160 form</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Make an appointment for interview</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Pay for the appointment</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>SEVIS fee (optional)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Interview with the embassy officer</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other things</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="ds-160">DS-160</h3>
<p><strong>Website:</strong> http://www.ustraveldocs.com/cn_zh/cn-niv-ds160info.asp</p>
<p>Start your DS-160 from here. Pay attention to these things:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Please remember your <strong>DS-160 application number</strong>. You will see it at once you start application. It is a code with 10 numbers or letters, such as ‘AA000WHE00’.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You should prepare a <strong>photo with 51mm * 51mm</strong>. Its scale is different from other photos in China. (<strong>Important:</strong> The photo should be taken not earlier than six months, especially you have used it for another visa before. If the officer finds that your photo expired when you go to interview, you should take a new photo and waste a lot of time.)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After finishing your DS-160, please remember print your <strong>DS-160 confirmation</strong>. The DS-160 application is not need. DS-160 confirmation must be taken with you when you go to the embassy.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="make-an-appointment-for-interview">Make an appointment for interview</h3>
<p><strong>Website:</strong> https://cgifederal.secure.force.com/?language=Chinese%20(Simplified)&country=China</p>
<p>Here you will choose the date and time to have an interview with the embassy officer. Pay attention to these things:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Use your DS-160 confirmation number (DS-160 application number) to start an appointment application.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You should pay for it through China CITIC Bank (more detailed procedure will be introduced in next part). When you start paying, you will get a <strong>CGI number</strong>. In the bank part, use this number to pay for your application.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When you finish paying, you will get a <strong>receipt number</strong> (please read next part to know where to find it). You should go back to appointment application website and finish application with this number.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Please remember print your <strong>appointment confirmation</strong>. Appointment confirmation must be taken with you when you go to the embassy.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="pay-for-the-appointment">Pay for the appointment</h3>
<p><strong>Website:</strong> https://etrade.citicbank.com/portalweb/USA_visaPayF.html (In most case the appointment application webiste will give you a link to jump.)</p>
<p>In this website you should pay for your appointment application. Pay attention to these things:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Use your CGI number to start paying.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>According to my experience, the only successful paying method is to use UnionPay, although this method requires 0.3 percent service charge.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After paying, you will get an email with receipt attached from China CITIC Bank. The receipt number will be in this email.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="sevis-fee-optional">SEVIS fee (Optional)</h3>
<p><strong>Website:</strong> https://www.fmjfee.com</p>
<p>When I applied for F-1 visa, there is another procedure to finish. There is a <strong>SEVIS number</strong> in my I-20 form, and I should go to the above website to pay for SEVIS fee with this number. Pay attention to these things:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>You must pay for SEVIS fee one workday before your interview with the embassy officer.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use your I-20 SEVIS number to start paying procedure. You need prepare a credit card (Visa or MasterCard type).</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<p>05/04/2019 00:00</p>
<h3 id="interview-with-the-embassy-officer">Interview with the embassy officer</h3>
<p>You must take these things:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Passport</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>DS-160 confirmation</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Appointment confirmation</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>SEVIS confirmation (I-901) (optional, for F-1 visa only)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>I-20 and Offer (optional, for F-1 visa only)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Visa photo (51mm * 51mm)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other supporting materials (For example, if you will continue to get Master degree, you should prove you have enough financial resources with obvious evidence. If you want to travel, you may need to show your detailed travel plan.)</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>If you will attend graduate school as a Ph.D. student, you should also prepare these things:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Personal resume</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Study plan</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Advisor resume</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The process of interviewing with officer is (for U.S. Embassy in Beijing):</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Leave your package and unnecessary things outside the embassy.</strong> Actually you just need to take the things mentioned above with a transparent bag. There are some stores that offer paid service for keeping packages.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Wait in line at the gate of embassy. There are three lines according to your interview time. Pay attention to waiting in the appropriate line. You need to show your <strong>appointment confirmation and passport</strong> at the gate.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Wait in line before security check. You need to show your <strong>DS-160 confirmation and passport</strong> to the officers. They will attach DS-160 barcode to the back of your passport.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Security check. <strong>You mustn’t take any electronic devices with you.</strong> Please leave them at the step 1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After security check, the offcier will ask for your <strong>passport</strong> again. Then wait in line before entering the embassy house.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After entering the embassy house, wait in line. In the first floor, you should show your <strong>passport and other required materials</strong> at the service window. Then you need to finish the <strong>fingerprint</strong> in the same floor.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After fingerprint, you will go to the second floor and wait in line. The officer will guide you to one service window and you will <strong>interview with the officer</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After finishing the interview, the officer will keep your passport and probably give you a paper tape. If it’s blue, your application passes. If it’s yellow, it means you will be checked (adminstrative processing). If it’s white, sorry… It is also possible that the officer thinks that your materials are not enough or too brief, and the officer will give you a green sheet to ask for some required materials. In this case you don’t go to the embassy again. You need to email all the required materials according to the instruction in the green sheet.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="other-things">Other things</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Even if you are applying for B visa, you should prepare your personal resume and are probably checked if your major is sensitive.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Take cash with you. For example, my photo expired this time and I needed 50 yuan to take a new visa photo.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Your visa photo should be taken not more than six months. At least don’t let the offcier finds the fact. My roommate uses the same photo for one year and applied for 3 different types of visa withour any problem. But I was asked to take a new one…</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If any person tells you that you should cancel another visa, please consult the offcier who you interview with. In most case it is unnecessary.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Actually not all F-1 visa applicants will be checked. If your major is not sensitive, probably you will get your visa quickly. If your interview with the officer is pretty good, your apply may also not need administrative process. But for me, I major in computer engineering and I had a unpleasant conversation with the offcier, so I was asked to supplement my materials and email the embassy later…</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<p>05/15/2019 16:30</p>ykxFlowChange Pip Source2018-09-19T00:00:00+00:002018-09-19T00:00:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/Change-Pip-Source<blockquote>
<p>Ref: https://blog.csdn.net/chenghuikai/article/details/55258957</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="temporary-way">Temporary Way</h2>
<p>eg: pip install scrapy -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple</p>
<h2 id="long-term-way">Long-term Way</h2>
<p>modify ‘~/.pip/pip.conf’:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>global]
index-url <span class="o">=</span> https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="chinese-pip-image">Chinese Pip Image</h2>
<p>阿里云 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/</p>
<p>中国科技大学 https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/</p>
<p>豆瓣(douban) http://pypi.douban.com/simple/</p>
<p>清华大学 https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/</p>
<p>中国科学技术大学 http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/</p>ykxRef: https://blog.csdn.net/chenghuikai/article/details/55258957Git Flow2018-07-23T15:02:00+00:002018-07-23T15:02:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/Git-Flow<p>[TOC]</p>
<h2 id="git使用流程">Git使用流程</h2>
<h3 id="1-常用-git-命令清单">1 常用 Git 命令清单</h3>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/12/git-cheat-sheet.html</p>
<p><img src="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blogimg/asset/2015/bg2015120901.png" alt="img" /></p>
<h5 id="常用git命令">常用git命令</h5>
<ul>
<li>git add</li>
<li>git commit</li>
<li>git push</li>
<li>git pull</li>
<li>git fetch</li>
<li>git clone</li>
<li>git checkout</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="名词解释">名词解释</h5>
<ul>
<li>Workspace: 工作区</li>
<li>Index / Stage: 暂存区</li>
<li>Repository: 仓库区(或本地仓库)</li>
<li>Remote: 远程仓库</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="11-新建代码库">1.1 新建代码库</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git init</td>
<td>在当前目录新建一个Git代码库</td>
<td style="text-align: left">√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git init [project-name]</td>
<td>新建一个目录,初始化为Git代码库</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git clone [url]</td>
<td>下载一个项目和整个代码历史</td>
<td style="text-align: left">√</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="12-配置gitconfig">1.2 配置(.gitconfig)</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git config –list</td>
<td>显示当前的Git配置</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git config -e [–global]</td>
<td>编辑Git配置文件</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git config [–global] user.name “[name]”</td>
<td>设置提交代码时的用户信息</td>
<td style="text-align: left">√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git config [–global] user.email “[email address]”</td>
<td>设置提交代码时的用户信息</td>
<td style="text-align: left">√</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="13-增加删除文件">1.3 增加/删除文件</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git add [file1] [file2] …</td>
<td>添加指定文件到暂存区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git add [dir]</td>
<td>添加指定目录到暂存区,包括子目录</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git add .</td>
<td>添加当前目录的所有文件到暂存区</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git add -p</td>
<td>添加每个变化前,都会要求确认;对于同一个文件的多处变化,可以实现分次提交</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git rm [file1] [file2] …</td>
<td>删除工作区文件,并且将这次删除放入暂存区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git rm –cached [file]</td>
<td>停止追踪指定文件,但该文件会保留在工作区</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git mv [file-original] [file-renamed]</td>
<td>改名文件,并且将这个改名放入暂存区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="14-代码提交">1.4 代码提交</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git commit -m [message]</td>
<td>提交暂存区到仓库区</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git commit [file1] [file2] … -m [message]</td>
<td>提交暂存区的指定文件到仓库区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git commit -a</td>
<td>提交工作区自上次commit之后的变化,直接到仓库区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git commit -v</td>
<td>提交时显示所有diff信息</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git commit –amend -m [message]</td>
<td>使用一次新的commit,替代上一次提交;如果代码没有任何新变化,则用来改写上一次commit的提交信息</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git commit –amend [file1] [file2] …</td>
<td>重做上一次commit,并包括指定文件的新变化</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="15-分支">1.5 分支</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git branch</td>
<td>列出所有本地分支</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch -r</td>
<td>列出所有远程分支</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch -a</td>
<td>列出所有本地分支和远程分支</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch [branch-name]</td>
<td>新建一个分支,但依旧停留在当前分支</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git checkout -b [branch]</td>
<td>新建一个分支,并切换到该分支</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch [branch] [commit]</td>
<td>新建一个分支,指向指定commit</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch –track [branch] [remote-branch]</td>
<td>新建一个分支,与指定的远程分支建立追踪关系</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git checkout [branch-name]</td>
<td>切换到指定分支,并更新工作区</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git checkout -</td>
<td>切换到上一个分支</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch –set-upstream [branch] [remote-branch]</td>
<td>建立追踪关系,在现有分支与指定的远程分支之间</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git merge [branch]</td>
<td>合并指定分支到当前分支</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git cherry-pick [commit]</td>
<td>选择一个commit,合并进当前分支</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch -d [branch-name]</td>
<td>删除分支</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git push origin –delete [branch-name]</td>
<td>删除远程分支</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git branch -dr [remote-branch]</td>
<td>删除远程分支</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="16-标签">1.6 标签</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git tag</td>
<td>列出所有tag</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git tag [tag]</td>
<td>新建一个tag在当前commit</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git tag [tag] [commit]</td>
<td>新建一个tag在指定commit</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git tag -d [tag]</td>
<td>删除本地tag</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git push origin :refs/tags/[tagName]</td>
<td>删除远程tag</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git show [tag]</td>
<td>查看tag信息</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git push [remote] [tag]</td>
<td>提交指定tag</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git push [remote] –tags</td>
<td>提交所有tag</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git checkout -b [branch] [tag]</td>
<td>新建一个分支,指向某个tag</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="17-查看信息">1.7 查看信息</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git status</td>
<td>显示有变更的文件</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log</td>
<td>显示当前分支的版本历史</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log –stat</td>
<td>显示commit历史,以及每次commit发生变更的文件</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log -S [keyword]</td>
<td>搜索提交历史,根据关键词</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log [tag] HEAD –pretty=format:%s</td>
<td>显示某个commit之后的所有变动,每个commit占据一行</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log [tag] HEAD –grep feature</td>
<td>显示某个commit之后的所有变动,其“提交说明”必须符合搜索条件</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log –follow [file]</td>
<td>显示某个文件的版本历史,包括文件改名</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git whatchanged [file]</td>
<td>显示某个文件的版本历史,包括文件改名</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log -p [file]</td>
<td>显示指定文件相关的每一次diff</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git log -5 –pretty –oneline</td>
<td>显示过去5次提交</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git shortlog -sn</td>
<td>显示所有提交过的用户,按提交次数排序</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git blame [file]</td>
<td>显示指定文件是什么人在什么时间修改过</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git diff</td>
<td>显示暂存区和工作区的差异</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git diff –cached [file]</td>
<td>显示暂存区和上一个commit的差异</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git diff HEAD</td>
<td>显示工作区和当前分支最新commit之间的差异</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git diff [first-branch]…[second-branch]</td>
<td>显示两次提交之间的差异</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git diff –shortstat “@{0 day ago}”</td>
<td>显示今天你写了多少行代码</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git show –name-only [commit]</td>
<td>显示某次提交发生变化的文件</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git show [commit]:[filename]</td>
<td>显示某次提交时,某个文件的内容</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reflog</td>
<td>显示当前分支的最近几次提交</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="18-远程同步">1.8 远程同步</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git fetch [remote]</td>
<td>下载远程仓库的所有变动</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git remove -v</td>
<td>显示所有远程仓库</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git remote show [remote]</td>
<td>显示某个远程仓库的信息</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git remote add [shortname] [url]</td>
<td>增加一个新的远程仓库,并命名</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git pull [remote] [branch]</td>
<td>取回远程仓库的变化,并与本地分支合并</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git push [remote] [branch]</td>
<td>上传本地指定分支到远程仓库</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git push [remote] –force</td>
<td>强行推送当前分支到远程仓库,即使有冲突</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git push [remote] –all</td>
<td>推送所有分支到远程仓库</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="19-撤销">1.9 撤销</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git checkout [file]</td>
<td>恢复暂存区的指定文件到工作区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git checkout [commit] [file]</td>
<td>恢复某个commit的制定文件到暂存区和工作区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git checkout .</td>
<td>恢复暂存区的所有文件到工作区</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset [file]</td>
<td>重置暂存区的指定文件,与上一次commit保持一致,但工作区不变</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset –hard</td>
<td>重置暂存区与工作区,与上一次commit保持一致</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset [commit]</td>
<td>重置当前分支的指针为指定commit,同时重置暂存区,但工作区不变</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset –hard [commit]</td>
<td>重置当前分支的HEAD为指定commit,同时重置暂存区和工作区,与指定commit一致</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git reset –keep [commit]</td>
<td>重置当前HEAD为指定commit,但保持暂存区和工作区不变</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git revert [commit]</td>
<td>新建一个commit,用来撤销指定commit;后者的所有变化都将被前者抵消,并且应用到当前分支</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>git stash & git stash pop</td>
<td>暂时将未提交的变化移除,稍后再移入</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="110-其他">1.10 其他</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Flag</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>git archive</td>
<td>生成一个可供发布的压缩包</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="2-git远程操作详解">2 Git远程操作详解</h3>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/06/git_remote.html</p>
<h5 id="用于git远程操作的5个命令">用于Git远程操作的5个命令</h5>
<ul>
<li>git clone</li>
<li>git remote</li>
<li>git fetch</li>
<li>git pull</li>
<li>git push</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="21-git-clone">2.1 git clone</h4>
<p>远程操作的第一步,通常是从远程主机克隆一个版本库,这时就要用到<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git clone</code>命令:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>git clone <版本库的网址>
git clone <版本库的网址> <本地目录名>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>git clone支持多种协议:HTTP(s),SSH,Git,本地文件协议等</p>
<p>通常Git协议下载速度最快,SSH协议用于需要用户认证的场合。</p>
<h4 id="22-git-remote">2.2 git remote</h4>
<p>为了便于管理,Git要求每个远程主机都必须指定一个主机名,<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git remote</code>命令就用于管理主机名:</p>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git remote # 列出所有远程主机
git remote -v # 参看远程主机的网址
# 克隆版本库时,所使用的远程主机自动被Git命名为`origin`,可以用参数`-o`指定克隆时的远程主机名
git clone -o jQuery https://github.com/jquery/jquery.git
git remote show <主机名> # 查看该主机的详细信息
git remote add <主机名> <网址> # 添加远程主机
git remote rm <主机名> # 删除远程主机
git remote rename <原主机名> <新主机名> # 远程主机的改名
</code></pre>
<h4 id="23-git-fetch">2.3 git fetch</h4>
<ol>
<li>一旦远程主机的版本库有了更新(commit),需要将这些更新取回本地:</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git fetch <远程主机名> # 将某个远程主机的更新全部取回本地
git fetch # 通常用来查看他人的进程,取回的代码对本地的开发代码没有影响
git fetch <远程主机名> <分支名> # 取回特定分支的更新
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>所取回的更新,在本地主机上要用“远程主机名/分支名”的形式读取。比如<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">origin</code>主机的<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">master</code>,就要用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">origin/master</code>读取。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git branch -r # 查看远程分支
git branch -a # 查看所有分支
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>取回远程主机的更新后,可以在它的基础上,使用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git checkout</code>命令创建一个新的分支。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash"># 在`origin/master`的基础上创建一个新分支
git checkout -b newBranch origin/master
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>也可以使用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git merge</code>命令或者<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git rebase</code>命令,在本地分支上合并远程分支</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git merge origin/master
git rebase origin/master
</code></pre>
<h4 id="24-git-pull">2.4 git pull</h4>
<ol>
<li>git pull命令的作用是,取回远程主机某个分支的更新,再与本地的指定分支合并。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git pull <远程主机名> <远程分支名>:<本地分支名>
#取回`origin`主机的`next`分支,与本地的`master`分支合并
git pull origin next:master
# 远程分支和当前分支合并,可省略冒号后面的部分
git pull origin next
# 等同于先git fetch,再git merge
git fetch origin
git merge origin/next
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>在某些场合,Git会自动在本地分支与远程分支之间建立一种追踪关系(tracking)。比如,在<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git clone</code>的时候,所有本地分支默认与远程主机的同名分支建立追踪关系,即本地的<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">master</code>分支自动追踪<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">origin/master</code>分支。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash"># 手动建立追踪关系
git branch --set-upstream master origin/next
# 如果存在追踪关系,git pull可以省略远程分支名
git pull origin # 表示本地的当前分支自动与对应的`origin`主机“追踪分支”进行合并
# 如果当前分支只有一个追踪分支,连远程主机名都可以省略
git pull # 当前分支自动与唯一一个追踪分支进行合并
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>如果合并需要采用rebase模式,可以使用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">--rebase</code>选项</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git pull --rebase <远程主机名> <远程分支名>:<本地分支名>
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>如果远程主机删除了某个分支,默认情况下,<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git pull</code>不会在拉取远程分支的时候,删除对应的本地分支。这是为了防止,由于其他人操作了远程主机,导致<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git pull</code>不知不觉删除了本地分支。但是加上参数<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-p</code>就会在本地删除远程已经删除的分支。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git pull -p
# 等同于下面的命令
git fetch --prune origin
git fetch -p
</code></pre>
<h4 id="25-git-push">2.5 git push</h4>
<ol>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git push</code>命令用于将本地分支的更新,推送到远程主机。它的格式与<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git pull</code>命令相仿。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git push <远程主机名> <本地分支名>:<远程分支名>
# 如果省略远程分支名,则表示将本地分支推送与之存在“追踪关系”的远程分支(通常两者同名),如果该远程分支不存在,则会被新建
git push origin master
# 如果省略本地分支名,则表示删除指定的远程分支,因为这等同于推送一个空的本地分支到远程分支
git push origin:master
git push origin --delete master
# 如果当前分支与远程分支之间存在追踪关系,则本地分支和远程分支都可以省略(追踪关系的主体是分支)
git push origin
# 如果当前分支只有一个追踪分支,那么主机名都可以省略
git push
# 如果当前分支与多个主机存在追踪关系,则可以使用`-u`选项指定一个默认主机,这样后面就可以不加任何参数使用`git push`
git push -u origin master # 将本地的`master`推送到`origin`主机,同时指定`origin`为默认主机
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>不带任何参数的<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git push</code>,默认只推送当前分支,这叫做simple方式。此外还有一种matching方式,会推送所有有对应的远程分支的本地分支。如果要修改这个设置,可以采用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git config</code>命令</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git config --global push.default matching
git config --global push.default simple
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>还有一种情况,就是不管是否存在对应的远程分支,将本地的所有分支都推送到远程主机,这时需要使用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">--all</code>选项</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git push --all origin # 将所有本地分支都推送到origin主机
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>如果远程主机的版本比本地版本更新,推送时Git会报错,要求先在本地做<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git pull</code>合并差异,然后再推送到远程主机。<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">--force</code>选项可以强制推送,导致远程主机上更新的版本被覆盖</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git push --force origin
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git push</code>不会推送标签(tag),除非使用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">--tags</code>选项</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git push origin --tags
</code></pre>
<h3 id="3-git分支管理策略">3 Git分支管理策略</h3>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2012/07/git.html</p>
<p>有些传统的版本管理软件,分支操作实际上会生成一份现有代码的物理拷贝,而Git只生成一个指向当前版本(又称“快照”)的指针,因而非常快捷易用。</p>
<h4 id="31-主分支master">3.1 主分支Master</h4>
<p>首先,代码库应该有一个、且仅有一个主分支。所有提供给用户使用的正式版本,都在这个主分支上发布。</p>
<p>Git主分支的名字,默认叫做Master。它是自动建立的,版本库初始化以后,默认就是在主分支进行开发。</p>
<h4 id="32-开发分支develop">3.2 开发分支Develop</h4>
<p>主分支只用来发布重大版本,日常开发应该在另一条分支上完成。我们把开发用的分支,叫做Develop。</p>
<p>这个分支可以用来生成代码的最新隔夜版本 (nightly)。如果想正式对外发布,就在Master分支上,对Develop分支进行“合并” (merge)。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Bash"># Git创建Develop分支的命令
git checkout -b develop master # 基于master分支创建develop分支
# 将Develop分支发布到Master分支的命令
git checkout master # 切换到master分支
git merge --no-ff develop # 对develop分支进行合并
</code></pre>
<p>默认情况下,Git执行“快速式合并”(fast-forward merge),会直接将master分支指向develop分支。使用–no-ff参数后,会执行正常合并,在master分支上生成一个新节点。</p>
<p>[图]</p>
<h4 id="33-临时性分支">3.3 临时性分支</h4>
<p>前面讲到版本库的两条主要分支:Master和Develop。前者用于正式发布,后者用于日常开发。常设分支只需要这两条就够了。除了常设分支以外,还有一些临时性分支,用于应对一些特定目的的版本开发。临时性分支主要有三种:</p>
<ul>
<li>功能 (feature) 分支</li>
<li>预发布 (release) 分支</li>
<li>修补bug (fixbug) 分支</li>
</ul>
<p>这三种分支都属于临时性需要,使用完以后,应该删除,使得代码库的常设分支始终只有Master和Develop。</p>
<h4 id="34-功能分支">3.4 功能分支</h4>
<p><strong>功能分支是为了开发某种特定功能,从Develop分支上面分出来的。</strong> 开发完成后,要再并入Develop。功能分支的名字,可以采用feature-*的形式命名。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Bash"># 创建一个功能分支
git checkout -b feature-x develop
# 开发完成后将功能分支合并到develop分支
git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff feature-x
# 删除feature分支
git branch -d feature-x
</code></pre>
<h4 id="35-预发布分支">3.5 预发布分支</h4>
<p><strong>预发布分支是指发布正式版本之前(即合并到master分支之前)我们可能需要有一个预发布的测试版本进行测试。预发布分支是从Develop分支上面分出来的。</strong> 预发布结束以后,必须合并进develop和master分支。它的命名可以采用release-*的形式。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Bash"># 创建一个预发布分支
git checkout -b release-1.2 develop
# 合并到master分支
git checkout master
git merge --no-ff release-1.2
git tag -a 1.2 对合并生成的新结点,做一个标签
# 再合并到develop分支
git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff release-1.2
# 最后删除预发布分支
git branch -d release-1.2
</code></pre>
<h4 id="36-修补bug分支">3.6 修补bug分支</h4>
<p><strong>修补bug分支用来修补软件正式发布以后出现的bug。修补bug分支是从master分支上面分出来的。</strong> 修补结束以后,再合并进master和develop分支。它的命名可以采用fixbug-*的形式。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Bash"># 创建一个修补bug分支
git checkout -b fixbug-0.1 master
# 修补结束后合并到master分支
git checkout master
git merge --no-ff fixbug-0.1
git tag -a 0.1.1
# 再合并到develop分支
git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff fixbug-0.1
# 最后删除“修补bug分支”
git branch -d fixbug-0.1
</code></pre>
<h3 id="4-git使用规范流程">4 Git使用规范流程</h3>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/08/git-use-process.html</p>
<p>[图]</p>
<h4 id="41-新建分支">4.1 新建分支</h4>
<pre><code class="language-Bash"># 获取主干最新代码
git checkout master
git pull
#新建一个开发分支myfeature
git checkout -b myfeature
</code></pre>
<h4 id="42-提交分支commit">4.2 提交分支commit</h4>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git add --all # 保存所有变化(包括新建、修改和删除)
git status # 查看发生变动的文件
git commit --verbose # 列出diff的结果
</code></pre>
<h4 id="43-撰写提交信息">4.3 撰写提交信息</h4>
<h4 id="44-与主干同步">4.4 与主干同步</h4>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git fetch origin
git rebase origin/master
</code></pre>
<h4 id="45-合并commit">4.5 合并commit</h4>
<p>分支开发完成后可能有一堆commit,但合并到主干时,往往希望只有一个(或最多两三个)commit,需要使用<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git rebase</code>命令</p>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git rebase -i origin/master
</code></pre>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git rebase</code>命令的i参数表示互动 (interactive),这时git会打开一个互动界面,进行下一步操作。</p>
<p>(具体操作见原文)</p>
<h4 id="46-推送到远程仓库">4.6 推送到远程仓库</h4>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git push --force origin myfeature
</code></pre>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git push</code>命令要加上force参数,因为rebase以后,分支历史改变了,跟远程分支不一定兼容,有可能要强行推送。</p>
<h4 id="47-发出pull-request">4.7 发出pull request</h4>
<p>提交到远程仓库以后,就可以发出<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">pull request</code>到<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">master</code>分支,然后请求别人进行代码review,确认可以合并到<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">master</code>。</p>
<h3 id="5-git工作流程">5 Git工作流程</h3>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/12/git-workflow.html</p>
<h5 id="三种广泛使用的工作流程">三种广泛使用的工作流程</h5>
<ul>
<li>Git flow</li>
<li>Github flow</li>
<li>Gitlab flow</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="51-功能驱动">5.1 功能驱动</h4>
<p>三种工作流程有一个共同点:“功能驱动式开发” (Feature-driven development, FDD)。它指的是,需求是开发的起点,先有需求再有功能分支 (feature branch) 或者补丁分支 (hotfix branch)。完成开发后,该分支就合并到主分支,然后被删除。</p>
<h4 id="52-git-flow">5.2 Git flow</h4>
<h5 id="521-特点">5.2.1 特点</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<p>2个长期分支:主分支master,开发分支develop</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>3个短期分支:功能分支feature branch,补丁分支hotfix branch,预发分支release branch</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="522-评价">5.2.2 评价</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<p>优点:清晰可控</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>缺点:相对复杂,同时维护两个长期分支</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="53-github-flow">5.3 Github flow</h4>
<p>Github flow是Git flow的简化版,专门配合“持续发布”。它是Github.com使用的工作流程。</p>
<h5 id="531-流程">5.3.1 流程</h5>
<p>只有一个长期分支<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">master</code></p>
<hr />
<h5 id="已经掌握的命令">已经掌握的命令</h5>
<pre><code class="language-Bash">git init
git clone
git config
git add
git rm --cached
git commit -m
git branch
git checkout
git status
git log
git diff
git fetch
git pull
git push
git reset
</code></pre>
<h3 id="参考文献">参考文献</h3>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/12/git-workflow.html</p>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/06/git_remote.html</p>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/12/git-cheat-sheet.html</p>
<p>http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/08/git-use-process.html</p>ykx[TOC]GRE Quantitative Vocabulary2018-07-21T18:00:00+00:002018-07-21T18:00:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/GRE-Quantitative-Vocabulary<p>[TOC]</p>
<h3 id="part-1-arithmetic">PART 1. Arithmetic</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>The review of arithmetic begins with integers, fractions, and decimals and progresses to the set of real numbers. The basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are discussed, along with exponents and roots. The review of arithmetic ends with the concepts of ratio and percent.</p>
<p>算术:整数,分数,小数,实数集,加减乘除,指数和开方,比例和百分数</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="11-integers">1.1 Integers</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>factor, divisor</strong></td>
<td>n. 因子 <br />v. 因式分解</td>
<td>When integers are multiplied, each of the multiplied integers is called a factor or divisor of the resulting product. <br /><em>eg:</em> –What are factors of 25? –1,5,25,-1,-5,-25 <strong>(notice the negative number)</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>multiple</strong> <br /><strong>divisible</strong></td>
<td>n. 倍数 <br />adj. 可除尽的</td>
<td><em>eg0:</em> 60 is a multiple of each of its factors and that 60 is divisible by each of its divisors. <br /><em>eg1:</em> The list of positive multiples of 25 has no end: 25, 50, 75, 100, …<br /><em>eg2:</em> 1 is a factor of every integer, while 0 is a multiple of every integer. 1 is not a multiple of any integer except 1 and -1, while 0 is not a factor of any integer except 0.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>least common multiple</strong></td>
<td>最小公倍数</td>
<td>The least common multiple of two nonzero integers <em>c</em> and <em>d</em> is the least positive integer that is a multiple of both <em>c</em> and <em>d</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>greatest common factor, greatest common divisor</strong></td>
<td>最大公约数</td>
<td>The greatest comon divisor of two nonzero integers <em>c</em> and <em>d</em> is the greatest positive integer that is a divisor of both <em>c</em> and <em>d</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>quotient</strong></td>
<td>n. 商</td>
<td>If <em>d</em> is not a divisor of <em>c</em>, the result can be viewed as a fraction or as a decimal, or as a quotient with a remainder. <br /><em>eg:</em> The result of 19 divided by 7 is the quotient 2 with remainder 5, or simply “2 remainder 5”.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>remainder</strong></td>
<td>n. 余数</td>
<td><em>eg0:</em> 100 divided by 3 is 33 remainder 1. <br /><em>eg1:</em> -32 divided by 3 is -11 remainder 1, since the greatest multiple of 3 that is less than or equal to -32 is (-11)(3), or -33, which is 1 less than -32. <strong>(notice the negative number)</strong> <br /><em>eg2:</em> -13 = (-3)(5) + 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>even integer</strong></td>
<td>偶数</td>
<td>If an integer is divisible by 2, it is called an even integer; otherwise, it is an odd integer.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>odd integer</strong></td>
<td>奇数</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>prime number</strong></td>
<td>质数</td>
<td>A prime number is an integer than 1 that has only two positive divisors: 1 and itself. <br /><em>eg:</em> The integer 1 is not a prime number, and the integer 2 is the only number that is even.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>prime divisors</strong></td>
<td>质因数</td>
<td>Every integer greater than 1 either is a prime number or can be uniquely expressed as a product of factors that are prime numbers, or prime divisors. Such an expression is called a prime factorization.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>prime factorization</strong></td>
<td>质数分解</td>
<td><em>eg:</em> $12 = (2^3)(3)$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>composite number</strong></td>
<td>合数</td>
<td>An integer than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="12-fractions">1.2 Fractions</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>faction</strong></td>
<td>n. 分数</td>
<td>A fraction is a number of the form $\frac c d$, where <em>c</em> and <em>d</em> are integers and <em>d</em> $\not =$ 0. If both <em>c</em> and <em>d</em> are multiplied by the same nonzero integer (or fractored by a common factor), the resulting fraction will be quivalent to $\frac c d$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>numerator</strong></td>
<td>n. 分子</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>denominator</strong></td>
<td>n. 分母</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>rational number</strong></td>
<td>有理数</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>irrational number</strong></td>
<td>无理数</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>common denominator</strong></td>
<td>公分母</td>
<td>To add the two fractions with different denominators, first find a common denominator, which is a common multiple of the two denominators. Then convert both fractions to equivalent fractions with the same denominator. Finally, add the numerators and keep the common denominator.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>invert</strong></td>
<td>n. v. 取倒数</td>
<td>To divide one fraction by another, first invert the second fraction (that is, find its reciprocal), then multiply the first fraction by the inverted fraction.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>reciprocal</strong></td>
<td>adj. 互惠的,倒数的,相互的 n. 倒数,相互关联的事物</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>mixed number</strong></td>
<td>带分数</td>
<td>It consists of an integer part and a fraction part, where the fraction part has a value between 0 and 1, such as 4$\frac 3 8$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>fractional expressions</strong></td>
<td>分数形式的表达式 <strong>(?)</strong></td>
<td>Numbers of the form $\frac c d$, where either <em>c</em> or <em>d</em> is not an integer and <em>d</em> $\not =$ 0, are called fractional expressions.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Adding and Subtracting Fractions: P8</li>
<li>Multiplying and Dividing Fractions: P9</li>
<li>Mixed Numbers: P9</li>
<li>Fractional Expressions: P10</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="13-exponents-and-roots">1.3 Exponents and Roots</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>exponent</strong></td>
<td>指数</td>
<td>Exponents are used to denote the repeated muliplication of a number by itself. <em><br />eg0:</em> In the expression $3^4$, 3 is called the base, 4 is called the exponent, and we read the expression as “3 to the fourth power.” <br /><em>eg1:</em> For all nonzero numbers <em>a</em>, $a^0 = 1$. The expression $0^0$ is undefined.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>base</strong></td>
<td>基数</td>
<td>When negative numbers are raised to powers, the result may be positive or negative. <br /><em>eg:</em> $(-3)^2 = 9, (-3)^5 = -243$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>squaring</strong></td>
<td>平方</td>
<td>When the exponent is 2, we call the process squaring.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>square root</strong></td>
<td>平方根</td>
<td>A square root of a nonnegative number <em>n</em> is a nubmer <em>r</em> such that $r^2 = n$. <br /><em>eg0:</em> All positive numbers have two square roots, one positive and one negative. <br /><em>eg1:</em> The only square root of 0 is 0. <br /><em>eg2:</em> The expression consisting of the square root symbol $\sqrt \ $ placed over a nonnegative number denotes the nonnegative square root. $\sqrt{100} = 10$, while $\pm 10$ are square roots of 100.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>cube root</strong></td>
<td>立方根</td>
<td>There are some notable differences between odd order roots and even order roots (in real number system): For odd order roots, there is exactly one root for every number <em>n</em>, even when <em>n</em> is negative. For even order roots, there are exactly two roots for every positive number <em>n</em> and no roots for any negative number <em>n</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>fourth root</strong></td>
<td>四次方根</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="14-decimals">1.4 Decimals</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>decimal</strong></td>
<td>小数</td>
<td>7532.418 $\Rightarrow$ [Thousands/Hundreds/Tens/Ones or Units/Tenths/Hundredths/Thousandths]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>terminate</strong></td>
<td>v. 有限小数(有理数)</td>
<td>The decimal that results from the long division will either terminate, as in $\frac 1 4 = 0.25$, or repeat without end, as in $\frac 1 9 = 0.111…$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>repeat</strong></td>
<td>v. 无限循环小数(有理数)</td>
<td>One way to indicate the repeating part of a decimal that repeats without end is to use a bar over the digits that repeat. <br /><em>eg:</em> $\frac {15}{14} = 1.0\overline{714285}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>irrational numbers</strong></td>
<td>无理数</td>
<td>fraction with integers in the numerator and denominator $\Longleftrightarrow$ rational number $\Longleftrightarrow$ terminating or repeating decimal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="15-real-numbers">1.5 Real Numbers</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>real numbers</strong></td>
<td>实数</td>
<td>The set of real numbers consists of all rational numbers and all irrational numbers. The real numbers include all integers, fractions, and decimals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>real number line</strong></td>
<td>实数线</td>
<td>The set of real numbers can be represented by a number line called the real number line.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>less than or equal to</strong></td>
<td>小于等于</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>greater than or equal to</strong></td>
<td>大于等于</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>interval</strong></td>
<td>区间</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>endpoint</strong></td>
<td>区间端点</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>absolute value</strong></td>
<td>绝对值</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>triangle inequality</strong></td>
<td>三角不等式</td>
<td>$|r + s| \le |r| + |s|$</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Properties of Real Numbers: P18 (totally 12 general properties)
<ul>
<li>Porperty 6: Dvision by 0 is undefined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="16-ratio">1.6 Ratio</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>ratio</strong></td>
<td>比</td>
<td><em>eg0:</em> s/t, “s to t”, s:t <br /><em>eg1:</em> “r to s to t”</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>lowest terms</strong></td>
<td>最简分数/既约分数</td>
<td>Like fractions, ratios can be reduced to lowest terms.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>proportion</strong></td>
<td>比例式</td>
<td>A proportion is an equation relating two ratios. <em><br />eg:</em> $\frac{9}{12} = \frac{3}{4}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>cross multiplication</strong></td>
<td>交叉相乘</td>
<td>To solve a problem involving ratios, you can often write a proportion and solve it by cross multiplication.<br /><em>eg:</em> 9*4=12*3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="17-percent">1.7 Percent</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>percent</strong></td>
<td>百分比</td>
<td>The term percent means <em>per hundred</em>, or <em>hundredths</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>base</strong></td>
<td>(百分比里的)分母</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>percent change</strong></td>
<td>百分比变化量(增长率,衰减率)</td>
<td>When a quantity changes from an initial positive amount to another positive amount, you can compute the amount of change as a percent of the initial amount. This is called percent change. <br />percent increase, percent decrease</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Percents Greater than 100%: P24</li>
<li>Percent Increase, Percent Decrease, and Percent Change: P24</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="arithmetic-exercises-p28">Arithmetic Exercises: P28</h4>
<hr />
<h3 id="part-2-algebra">PART 2. Algebra</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>The review of algebra begins with algebraic expressions, equations, inequalities, and functions and then progresses to several examples of applying them to solve real-life word problems. The review of algebra ends with coordinate geometry and graphs of functions as other important algebraic tools for solving problems.</p>
<p>代数:代数表达式,等式/方程,不等式,函数,代数应用,坐标几何,函数图像,代数解题工具</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="21-algebraic-expressions">2.1 Algebraic Expressions</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>variable</strong></td>
<td>变量</td>
<td>A variable is a letter that represents a quantity whose value is unknown.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>algebra expression</strong></td>
<td>代数表达式</td>
<td>An algebraic expression has one or more variables and can be written as a single term or as a sum of terms. <br /><em>eg:</em> $w^3z + 5z^2 - z^2 + 6$ has four terms, and $\frac{8}{n + p}$ has one term.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>term</strong></td>
<td>式子/(代数式的)项</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>like term</strong></td>
<td>同类项(次数相同)</td>
<td>Like terms have the same variables, and the corresponding variables have the same exponents.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>constant term</strong></td>
<td>常数项</td>
<td>A term that has no variable is called a constant term.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>coefficient</strong></td>
<td>项的系数</td>
<td>A number that is multiplied by variables is called the coefficient of a term. <br /><em>eg:</em> Coefficient of 5/y is 5.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>polynomial</strong></td>
<td>多项式</td>
<td>A polynomial is the sum of a finite number of terms in which each term is either a constant term or a product of a coefficient and one or more variables with positive integer exponents. <br /><em>eg:</em> The expression $4x^6 + 7x^5 - 3x + 2$ is a polynomial in one variable, x. The polynomial has four terms.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>degree</strong></td>
<td>度/次数</td>
<td>The degree of each term is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term. The degree of a polynomial is the greatest degree of its terms. <br /><em>eg:</em> Polynomials of degrees 2 and 3 are known as quadratic and cubic polynomials, respectively.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>identity</strong></td>
<td>相等</td>
<td>A statement of equality between two algebraic expressions that is true for all possible values of the variables involved is called an identity. <br /><em>eg:</em> $(a - b)^3 = a^3 - 3a^2b + 3ab^2 - b^3$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>linear equation</strong></td>
<td>线性方程</td>
<td><em>eg:</em> 3z + 5 - t = 20 is a linear equation in two variables.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>quadratic equation</strong></td>
<td>二次方程</td>
<td><em>eg:</em> 20 x^2 = 10 is a quadratic equation in one variables.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>quadratic, cube, biquadratic/quadruplicate/biquadrate</strong></td>
<td>二次方,三次方,四乘幂/四倍/双二次</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Operations with Algebraic Expressions: P38
<ul>
<li>The same rules that govern operations with numbers apply to operations with algebraic expressions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="22-rules-of-exponents">2.2 Rules of Exponents</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>base</strong></td>
<td>基数</td>
<td>In the algebraic expression $x^a$, where <em>x</em> is raised to the power <em>a</em>, <em>x</em> is called the base and <em>a</em> is called the exponent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>exponent</strong></td>
<td>指数</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="23-solving-linear-equations">2.3 Solving Linear Equations</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>equation</strong></td>
<td>方程</td>
<td>An equation is a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>solution</strong></td>
<td>方程的解</td>
<td>The values of the variables that make the equation true are called the solutions of the equation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>solve an equation</strong></td>
<td>解方程</td>
<td>To solve an equation means to find the values of the variables that make the equation true, that is, the values that satisfy the equation. Two equations that have the same solutions are called equivalent equations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>satisfy the equation</strong></td>
<td>满足方程</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>equivalent equation</strong></td>
<td>具有相同解的方程</td>
<td>The general method for solving an equation is to find successively simpler equivalent equations so that the simplest equivalent equation makes the solutions obvious. <br /><em>eg:</em> $x + 1 = 2$ and $2x + 2 = 4$ are equivalent equations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>linear equation</strong></td>
<td>线性方程</td>
<td>A linear equation is an equation involving one or more variables in which each terms in the equation is either a constant term or a variable multiplied by a coefficient. None of the variables are multiplied together or raised to a power greater than 1. <br />It is possible for a linear equation to have no solutions. Also, it is possible that what looks to be a linear equation could turn out to be an identity when you try to solve it.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>ordered pair</strong></td>
<td>有序数对</td>
<td>A solution of linear equation in two variables is an ordered pair of numbers (x, y) that makes the equation true when the values of x and y substituted into the equation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>system of equations</strong></td>
<td>方程组</td>
<td>A set of equations in two or more variables is called a system of equations. <br />There are two basic methods for solving systems of linear equations, by substitution of by elimination.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>simultaneous equations</strong></td>
<td>联立方程(方程组里的方程互称)</td>
<td>The equations in the system are called simultaneous equations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>substitution</strong></td>
<td>带入消元解法</td>
<td>In the substitution method, one equation is manipulated to express one variable in terms of the other. Then the expression is substituted in the other equation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>elimination</strong></td>
<td>加减消元解法</td>
<td>In the elimination method, the object is to make the coefficients of one variable the same in both equations so that one variable can be eliminated either by adding the equations together or by subtracting one from the other.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Linear Equations in One Variable: P44</li>
<li>Linear Equations in Two Variables: P45
<ul>
<li>Every linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="24-solving-quadratic-equations">2.4 Solving Quadratic Equations</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>quadratic equation</strong></td>
<td>二次方程</td>
<td>A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation that can be written in the form $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$, where a, b, c are real numbers and a $\not =$ 0. Quadratic equations have zero, one or two real solutions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>quadratic formula</strong></td>
<td>二次方程求根公式</td>
<td>One way to find solutions of a quadratic equation is to use the quadratic formula: $\displaystyle x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>The Quadratic Formula: P48</li>
<li>Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="25-solving-linear-inequalities">2.5 Solving Linear Inequalities</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>inequality</strong></td>
<td>不等式</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>solve an inequality</strong></td>
<td>解不等式</td>
<td>To solve an inequality means to find the set of all values of the variable that make the inequality true. This set of values is also known as the solution set of an inequality. Two inequalities that have the same solution set are called equivalent inequalities.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>solution set</strong></td>
<td>不等式解集</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>equivalent inequalities</strong></td>
<td>等价的不等式</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="26-functions">2.6 Functions</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>function</strong></td>
<td>函数</td>
<td><em>eg:</em> <em>f(x)</em> is called the value of <em>f</em> at <em>x</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>domain</strong></td>
<td>自变量的取值范围(定义域)</td>
<td>The domain of a function is the set of all permissible inputs, that is, all permissible values of the variable <em>x</em>. <br />Without an explicit restriction, the domain is assumed to be the set of all values of <em>x</em> for which <em>f(x)</em> is a real number.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="27-applications">2.7 Applications</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Translating verbal descriptions into algebraic expressions is an essential initial step in solving word problems.</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>product</strong></td>
<td>乘积</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>interest</strong></td>
<td>利息</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>simple interest</strong></td>
<td>单利</td>
<td>Simple interest is based only on the initial deposit, which serves as the amount on which interest is computed, called the princial, for the entire time period. <br /><em>eg:</em> If the amount <em>P</em> is invested at a <em>simple annual interest rate of r percent</em>, then the value V of the investment at the end of <em>t</em> years is given by the formula $\displaystyle V = P (1 + \frac {rt}{100})$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>principal</strong></td>
<td>本金</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>compound interest</strong></td>
<td>复利</td>
<td>In the case of compound interest, interest is added to the principal at regular time intervals, such as annually, quarterly, and monthly. Each time interest is added to the principal, the interest is said to be compounded. After each compounding, interest is earned on the new principal, which is the sum of the preceding principal and the interest just added. <br /><em>eg0:</em> If the amount <em>P</em> is invested at an <em>annual interest rate of r percent, compounded annually</em>, then the value <em>V</em> of the investment at the end of <em>t</em> years is given by the formula $\displaystyle V = P (1 + \frac{r}{100})^{t}$. <br /><em>eg1:</em> If the amount <em>P</em> is invested at an <em>annual interest rate of r percent, compounded n times per year</em>, then the value <em>V</em> of the investment at the end of <em>t</em> years is given by the formula $\displaystyle V = P (1 + \frac{r}{100})^{nt}$.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Average, Mixture(溶液浓度), Rate, and Work Problems: P54</li>
<li>Interest: P58
<ul>
<li><strong>Example 2.7.12</strong>: P60 (annual interest rate of <em>r</em> percent means quarter interest rate of r/4 percent)</li>
<li>Taking the positive root of each side of an inequality preserves the direction of the inequality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="28-coordinate-geometry">2.8 Coordinate Geometry</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>coordinate</strong></td>
<td>坐标</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>rectangular coordinate system / xy-coordinate system / xy-plane</strong></td>
<td>直角坐标系</td>
<td>Two real number lines that are perpendicular to each other and that intersect at their respective zero points define a rectangular coordinate system, often called the xy-coordinate system or xy-plane. <br />The horizontal number line is called the x-axis and the vertical number line is called the y-axis. The point where the two axes intersect is called the origin, denoted by <em>O</em>. The two axes divide the plane into four regions called quadrants.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>x-axis</strong> <br /><strong>y-axis</strong></td>
<td>x轴 <br />y轴</td>
<td><em>a</em> and <em>b</em> are symmetric about the x-axis = <em>a</em> is the reflection of <em>b</em> about the x-axis 关于x轴对称</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>origin</strong></td>
<td>原点O</td>
<td>about the origin 关于原点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>quadrant</strong></td>
<td>象限</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>x-coordinate</strong> <br /><strong>y-coordinate</strong></td>
<td>横坐标 <br />纵坐标</td>
<td>Each point <em>J</em> in the <em>xy</em>-plane can be identified with an ordered pair (<em>x, y</em>) of real numbers and is denoted by <em>J</em> (<em>x, y</em>). The first number in the ordered pair is called the x-coordinate, and the second number is called the y-coordinate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>graph of an equation</strong></td>
<td>方程的图形表示</td>
<td>The graph of an equation in the variables <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> is the set of all points whose ordered pairs (<em>x, y</em>) satisfy the equation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>line of symmetry</strong></td>
<td>对称轴</td>
<td>y = x is a line of symmetry for the graphs of y = 5x + 6 and x = 5y + 6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>slope</strong></td>
<td>斜率</td>
<td>$\displaystyle \frac{y_2 - y _1}{x_2 - x_1}$, this ratio is often called “rise over run”, where <em>rise</em> is the change in <em>y</em> and <em>run</em> is the change in <em>x</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>y-intercept</strong> <br /><strong>x-intercept</strong></td>
<td>纵截距 <br />横截距</td>
<td>Sometimes the terms <strong>x-intercept</strong> and <strong>y-intercept</strong> refer to the actual intersection points.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>parallel</strong></td>
<td>平行</td>
<td>Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>perpendicular</strong></td>
<td>垂直</td>
<td>Two lines are perpendicular if their slopes are negative reciprocals of each other.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>intersect</strong></td>
<td>相交</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>parabola</strong></td>
<td>抛物线</td>
<td>The graph of a quadratic equation of the form $y = ax^2 + bx + c$, where <em>a, b</em> and <em>c</em> are constants and $a \not = 0$, is a parabola.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>vertex</strong></td>
<td>抛物线顶点</td>
<td>If <em>a</em> is negative, the parabola opens upward and the vertex is its lowest point.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>circle</strong></td>
<td>圆</td>
<td>The graph of an equation of the form $(x - a)^2 + (y - b)^2 = r^2$ is a circle with its center at the point (<em>a, b</em>) and with radius <em>r</em> > 0.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Calculating the Distance Between Two Points: P63
<ul>
<li>Pythagorean theorem 毕达哥拉斯定理/勾股定理</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities: P64
<ul>
<li>Symmetry with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, the origin and the line with equation <em>y = x</em>.</li>
<li>(<em>a, b</em>) and (<em>b, a</em>) are symmetric about the line <em>y = x</em>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Graphing Quadratic Equations: P70</li>
<li>Graphing Circles: P71</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="29-graphs-of-functions">2.9 Graphs of Functions</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Notice the fine distinction between the graphs of equations and ones of functions. To graph a function in the <em>xy</em>-plane, you represent each input <em>x</em> and its corresponding output <em>f(x)</em> as a point (<em>x, y</em>), where <em>y = f(x)</em>. In other words, you use the <em>x</em>-axis for the input and the <em>y</em>-axis for the output.</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>piecewise-defined function</strong></td>
<td>分段函数</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>dashed curve</strong></td>
<td>虚线</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>reflection</strong></td>
<td>对称</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>shifted upward / downward / to the left / to the right</strong></td>
<td>平移</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>stretched / dilated / shrunk / contracted</strong></td>
<td>拉伸/扩大/压缩/缩小</td>
<td><em>eg:</em> The graph of <em>ch(x)</em> is the graph of <em>h(x)</em> stretched vertically by a factor of <em>c</em> if <em>c</em> > 1.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="algebra-exercises-p80">Algebra Exercises: P80</h4>
<hr />
<h3 id="part-3-geometry">PART 3. Geometry</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>The review of geometry begins with lines and angles and progresses to other plane figures, such as polygons, triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles. The review of geometry ends with some basic three-dimensional figures. Coordinate geometry is covered in the Algebra part.</p>
<p>几何:线,角,平面图形(多边形,三角形,四边形,圆),基本三维图形,坐标几何(代数部分已提及)</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="31-lines-and-angles">3.1 Lines and Angles</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>line</strong></td>
<td>直线</td>
<td>A line is understood to be a straight line that extends in both directions without ending.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>line segment</strong></td>
<td>线段</td>
<td>Given any two points on a line, a line segment is the part of the line that contains the two points and all points between them. The two points are called endpoints.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>endpoints</strong></td>
<td>端点</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>congruent line segments</strong></td>
<td>等长线段</td>
<td>Line segments that have equal lengths are called congruent line segments.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>midpoint</strong></td>
<td>中点</td>
<td>The point that divides a line segment into two congruent line segments is called the midpoint of the line segment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>length</strong></td>
<td>长度</td>
<td>Sometimes the notation <em>AB</em> denotes line segment <em>AB</em>, and sometimes it denotes the length of line segment <em>AB</em>. The meaning of the notation can be determined from the context.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>angles</strong></td>
<td>角</td>
<td>When two lines intersect at a point, they form four angles. Each angle has a vertex at the point of intersection of the two lines. <br />Somtimes the angle symbol $\angle$ is used instead of the word “angle.”</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>vertex</strong></td>
<td>顶点</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>opposite angles, vertical angles</strong></td>
<td>对顶角</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>congruent angles</strong></td>
<td>等角</td>
<td>Opposite angles have equal measure, and angles that have equal measure are called congruent angles. Hence, opposite angles are congruent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>perpendicular lines</strong></td>
<td>垂线</td>
<td>Two lines that intersect to form four congruent angles are called perpendicular lines, for example <em>k</em> $\perp$ <em>m</em>. Each of the four angles has a measure of 90$^{\circ}$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>right angle</strong></td>
<td>直角</td>
<td>An angle with a measure of 90$^{\circ}$ is called a right angle. <br />A common way to indicate that an angle is a right angle is to draw a small square at the vertex of the angle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>acute angle</strong> <br /><strong>obtuse angle</strong></td>
<td>锐角 <br />钝角</td>
<td>An angle with measure less than 90$^{\circ}$ is called an acute angle, and an angle with measure between 90$^{\circ}$ and 180$^{\circ}$ is called an obtuse angle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>parallel lines</strong></td>
<td>平行线</td>
<td>Two lines in the same plan that do not intersect are called parallel lines, for example <em>k</em> $\parallel$ <em>m</em>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="32-polygons">3.2 Polygons</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>polygon</strong></td>
<td>多边形</td>
<td>A polygon is a closed figure formed by three or more line segments all of which are in the same plane. The line segments are called the sides of the polygon. Each side is joined to two other sides at its endpoints, and the endpoints are called vertices (<em>pl.</em> plural of <em>vertex</em>). <br />If a polygon has <em>n</em> sides, it can be divided into <em>n - 2</em> triangles. Since the sum of measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180$^{\circ}$, it follows that the sum of the measures of the interior angles of an <em>n</em>-sided polygon is $(n - 2)(180^{\circ})$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>side</strong></td>
<td>边</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>vertices</strong></td>
<td>顶点</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>convex</strong></td>
<td>凸面的</td>
<td>convex polygon 凸多边形</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>interior angle</strong> <br /><strong>exterior angle</strong></td>
<td>内角 <br />外角</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>diagonal</strong></td>
<td>对角线</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>adjacent</strong></td>
<td>相邻的</td>
<td>nonadjacent vertices 非相邻顶点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>triangle</strong></td>
<td>三角形</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>quadrilateral</strong></td>
<td>四边形</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>pentagon</strong></td>
<td>五角形</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>hexagon</strong></td>
<td>六角形</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>octagon</strong></td>
<td>八角形</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>regular polygon</strong></td>
<td>正多边形</td>
<td><em>eg:</em> In a regular octagon the measure of each angle is $\frac {1080^{\circ}}{8} = 135^{\circ}$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>perimeter</strong></td>
<td>周长</td>
<td>The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of its sides.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>area</strong></td>
<td>面积</td>
<td>The area of a polygon refers to the area of the region enclosed by the polygon.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>radius</strong> <br /><strong>diameter</strong></td>
<td>半径 <br />直径</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="33-triangles">3.3 Triangles</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Every triangle has three sides and three interior angles.</p>
<p>The measures of the interior angles add up to $180^{\circ}$.</p>
<p>The length of each side must be less than the sum of the lengths of the other two sides.</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>equilateral triangle</strong></td>
<td>等边三角形</td>
<td>A triangle with three congruent sides is called an equilateral triangle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>isosceles triangle</strong></td>
<td>等腰三角形</td>
<td>A triangle with at least two congruent sides is called an isosceles triangle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>right triangle</strong></td>
<td>直角三角形</td>
<td>A triangle with an interior right angle is called a right triangle. The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse; the other two sides are called legs.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>hypotenuse</strong> <br /><strong>legs</strong></td>
<td>(直角三角形的)斜边,弦 <br />(直角三角形的腰</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>congruent triangles</strong></td>
<td>全等三角形</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>similar triangles</strong></td>
<td>相似三角形</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>included angle</strong></td>
<td>夹角</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>scale factor of similarity</strong></td>
<td>相似尺度因子,比例因子</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>The Pythagorean Theorem: P98
<ul>
<li>The Pythagorean Theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs.</li>
<li>Isosceles right triangle: the lengths of its sides are in the ratio 1 to 1 to $\sqrt 2$.</li>
<li>30$^{\circ}$-60$^{\circ}$-90$^{\circ}$ right triangle: the lengths of its sides are in the ratio 1 to $\sqrt 3$ to 2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Area of a Triangle: P100
<ul>
<li>The area <em>A</em> of a triangle is given by the formula $\displaystyle A = \frac {bh}{2}$ , where <em>b</em> is the length of a base, and <em>h</em> is the length of the corresponding height.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Congruent Triangles an Similar Triangles: P101
<ul>
<li>Two triangles that have the same shape and size are called congruent triangles. More precisely, two triangles are congruent if their vertices can be matched up so that the corresponding angles and the corresponding sides are congruent.</li>
<li>Two triangles that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size are called similar triangles. More precisely, two triangles are similar if their vertices can be matched up so that the corresponding angles are congruent or equivalently, the lengths of the corresponding sides have the same ratio, called the scale factor of similarity.</li>
<li>Congruent triangles: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="34-quadrilaterals">3.4 Quadrilaterals</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>rectangle</strong></td>
<td>矩形</td>
<td>A quadrilateral with four right angles is called a rectangle. Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel and congruent, and the two diagonals are also congruent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>square</strong></td>
<td>正方形</td>
<td>A rectangle with four congruent sides is called a square.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>parallelogram</strong></td>
<td>平行四边形</td>
<td>A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram. In a parallelogram, opposite sides are congruent and opposite angles are congruent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>trapezoid</strong></td>
<td>梯形</td>
<td>A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezoid. Two opposite, parallel sides of the trapezoid are called bases of the trapezoid.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Special Types of Quadrilaterals: P102</li>
<li>The Areas of the Special Types of Quadrilaterals: P104
<ul>
<li>For all parallelograms, including rectangles and squares, the area <em>A</em> is given by the formula $A = bh$, where <em>b</em> is the length of a base and <em>h</em> is the length of the corresponding height.</li>
<li>The area <em>A</em> of a trapezoid is given by the formula $A = \frac 1 2 (b_1 + b_2)(h)$, where $b_1$ and $b_2$ are the lengths of the bases of the trapezoid, and <em>h</em> is the corresponding height.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="35-circles">3.5 Circles</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>circle</strong></td>
<td>圆</td>
<td>Given a point <em>O</em> in a plane and a positive number <em>r</em>, the set of points in the plane that are a distance of <em>r</em> units from <em>O</em> is called a circle. The point <em>O</em> is called the center of the circle and the distance <em>r</em> is called the radius of the circle. The diameter of the circle is twice the radius.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>center</strong></td>
<td>圆心</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>radius</strong></td>
<td>半径</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>diameter</strong></td>
<td>直径</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>congruent circles</strong></td>
<td>等圆</td>
<td>Two circles with equal radius are called congruent circles.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>chord</strong></td>
<td>弦</td>
<td>Any line segment joining two points on the circle is called a chord. <br />The terms “radius” and “diameter” can also refer to line segments: A radius is any line segment joining a point on the circle and the center of the circle, and a diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>circumference</strong></td>
<td>圆周</td>
<td>The distance around a circle is called the circumference of the circle, which is analogous to the perimeter of a polygon. <br />The ratio of the circumference <em>C</em> to the diameter <em>d</em> is the same for all circles and is denoted by the Greek letter $\pi$, that is, $\frac{C}{d} = \pi$, the value of $\pi$ is approximately 3.14 and can also be approximated by the fraction $\frac{22}{7}$. <br />$C = \pi d = 2\pi r$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>arc</strong></td>
<td>弧</td>
<td>Given any two points on a circle, an arc is the part of the circle containing the two points and all the points between them. Two points on a circle are always the endpoints of two arcs. An arc is frequently identified by three points to avoid ambiguity.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>central angle</strong></td>
<td>圆心角</td>
<td>A central angle of a circle is an angle with its vertex at the center of the circle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>measure of an arc</strong></td>
<td>弧的量度</td>
<td>The measure of an arc is the measure of its central angle, which is the angle formed by two radius that connect the center of the circle to the two endpoints of the arc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>length of an arc</strong></td>
<td>弧的长度</td>
<td>The ratio of the length of an arc to the circumference is equal to the ratio of the degree measure of the arc to 360$^{\circ}$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>area</strong></td>
<td>面积</td>
<td>The area of a circle with radius <em>r</em> is equal to $\pi r^2$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>sector</strong></td>
<td>扇形</td>
<td>A sector of a circle is a region bounded by an arc of the circle and two radius.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>area of a sector</strong></td>
<td>扇形面积</td>
<td>To find the area of a sector, note that the ratio of the area of a sector of a circle to the area of the entire circle is equal to the ratio of the degree measure of its arc to 360$^{\circ}$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>tangent</strong></td>
<td>正切,切线</td>
<td>A tangent to a circle is a line that lies in the same plane as the circle and intersects the circle at exactly one point, called the point of tangency. If aline is tangent to a circle, then a radius drawn to the point of tangency is perpendicular to the tangent line.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>point of tangency</strong></td>
<td>切点</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>inscribed</strong> <br /><strong>circumscribed</strong></td>
<td>内接的,内切的/雕刻,题写 <br />外接的,外切的/局限,限定</td>
<td>A polygon is inscribed in a circle if all its vertices lie on the circle, or equivalently, the circle is circumscribed about the polygon. 内接多边形,外接圆 <br /><em>eg0:</em> It is not always the case that if a triangle is inscribed in a circle, the center of the circle is inside the inscribed triangle. It is also possible for the center of the circle to be outside the inscribed triangle, or on one of the sides of inscribed triangle. <br /><em>eg1:</em> If one side of an inscribed triangle is a diameter of the circle, then the triangle is a right triangle. <br />A polygon is circumscribed about a circle if each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle, or equivalently, the circle is inscribed in the polygon. 外切多边形,内切圆</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>concentric circles</strong></td>
<td>同心圆</td>
<td>Two or more circles with the same center are called concentric circles.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="36-three-dimensional-figures">3.6 Three-Dimensional Figures</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Basic three-dimensional figures include rectangular solids, cubes, cylinders, spheres, pyramids, and cones. In this section, we look at some properties of rectangular solids and right circular cylinders.</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>solids, cubes, cylinders, spheres, pyramids, cones, cuboids</strong></td>
<td>固体,立方体,圆柱体,球体,金字塔/角锥,圆锥,长方体</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>rectangular solid, rectangular prism</strong></td>
<td>长方体,矩形棱镜,直角棱镜</td>
<td>A rectangular solid, or rectangular prism, has 6 rectangular surfaces called faces. Adjacent faces are perpendicular to each other. Each line segment that is the intersection of two faces is called an edge, and each point at which the edges intersect is called a vertex. There are 12 edges and 8 vertices. The dimensions of a rectangular solid are the length $\ell$, the width $w$, and the height $h$. <br /><em>eg:</em> A rectangular solid with six square faces is called a cube, in which case $\ell = w = h$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>faces</strong></td>
<td>面</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>edge</strong></td>
<td>边</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>vertex</strong></td>
<td>顶点</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>volume</strong></td>
<td>体积/音量</td>
<td>The volume <em>V</em> of a rectangular solid is the product of its three dimensions, or $V = \ell w h$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>surface area</strong></td>
<td>表面积</td>
<td>The surface area <em>A</em> of a rectangular solid is the sum of the areas of the six faces, or $A = 2(\ell w + \ell h + wh)$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>circular cylinder</strong></td>
<td>圆柱体</td>
<td>A circular cylinder consists of two bases that are congruent circles lying in parallel planes and a lateral surface made of all line segments that join points on the two circles and that are parallel to the line segment joining the centers of the two circles. The latter line segment is called the axis of the cylinder.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>lateral surface</strong></td>
<td>侧面</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>axis</strong></td>
<td>轴线</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>right circular cylinder</strong></td>
<td>正圆柱体</td>
<td>A right circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose axis is perpendicular to its bases. The height of a right circular cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the two bases, which is equal to the length of the axis. <br />$V = \pi r^2 h, \ \ A = 2(\pi r^2) + 2\pi r h$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>height</strong></td>
<td>高</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="geometry-exercises-p115">Geometry Exercises: P115</h4>
<hr />
<h3 id="part-4-data-analysis">PART 4. Data Analysis</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>The review of data analysis begins with methods for presenting data, followed by counting methods and probability, and then progresses to distributions of data, random variables, and probability distributions. The review of data analysis ends with examples of data interpretation.</p>
<p>数据分析:数据表示,数数,概率,数据分布,随机变量,概率分布,数据演绎</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="41-methods-for-presenting-data">4.1 Methods for Presenting Data</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>quantitative, numerical</strong></td>
<td>定量的,数字的</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>categorical, nonnumerical</strong></td>
<td>分类的,非数字的</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>distribution of a variable, distribution of data</strong></td>
<td>变量的分布,数据的分布</td>
<td>Data are collected from a population by observing one or more variables. The distribution of a variable, or distribution of data, indicates how frequently different categorical or numerical data values are observed in the data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>frequency, count</strong></td>
<td>频率(频数)</td>
<td>The frequency, or count, of a particular category or numerical value is the number of times that the category or numerical value appears in the data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>frequency distribution</strong></td>
<td>频率(频数)分布</td>
<td>A frequency distribution is a table or graph that presents the categories or numerical values along with their corresponding frequencies.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>relative frequency</strong></td>
<td>相对频率(频率)</td>
<td>The relative frequency of a category or a numerical value is the corresponding frequency divided by the total number of data. Relative frequencies may be expressed in terms of percents, fractions, or decimals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>relative frequency distribution</strong></td>
<td>相对频率(频率)分布</td>
<td>A relative frequency distribution is a table or graph that presents the relative frequencies of the categories or numerical values.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>bar graph, bar chart</strong></td>
<td>条形图</td>
<td>In a bar graph, each of the data categories or numerical values is represented by a rectangular bar, and the height of each bar is proportional to the corresponding frequency or relative frequency. All of the bars are drawn with the same width, and the bars can be presented either vertically or horizontally.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>segmented bar graph, stacked bar graph</strong></td>
<td>分段条形图,堆积条形图</td>
<td>A segmented bar graph, or stacked bar graph, is similar to a regular bar graph except that in a segmented bar graph, each rectangular bar is divided, or segmented, into smaller rectangles that show how the variables is “separated” into other related variables.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>histogram</strong></td>
<td>直方图,柱状图</td>
<td>Histograms are graphs of frequency distributions that are similar to bar graphs, but they must have a number line for the horizontal axis, which represents the numerical variable. Also, in a histogram, there are no regular spaces between the bars. Any spaces between bars in a histogram indicate that there are no data in the intervals represented by the spaces. <br />Histograms are useful for identifying the general shape of a distribution of data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>circle graphs, pie charts</strong></td>
<td>饼图</td>
<td>Circle graphs, often called pie charts, are used to represent data that have been separated into a small number of categories. They illustrate how a whole is separated into parts.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>sector</strong></td>
<td>扇形,扇区</td>
<td>Each part of a circle graph is called a sector.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>scatterplot</strong></td>
<td>散点图</td>
<td>A scatterplot is a type of graph that is useful for showing the relationship between two numerical variables whose values can be observed in a single population of individuals or objects.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>trend</strong></td>
<td>趋势,走向,倾向</td>
<td>A scatterplot makes it possible to observe an overall pattern, or trend, in the relationship between the two variables. Also, the strength of the trend as well as striking deviations from the trend are evident. <br />The trend line can be used to make predictions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>line graph</strong></td>
<td>线图</td>
<td>A line graph is another type of graph that is useful for showing the relationship between two numerical variables, especially if one of the variables is time. <br />There is at most one data point for each value on the horizontal axis, similar to a function. The data points are in order from left to right, and consecutive data points are connected by a line segment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>time series</strong></td>
<td>时间序列</td>
<td>When one of the variables is time, it is associated with the horizontal axis, which is labeled with regular time intervals.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Tables: P126
<ul>
<li>Tables are used to present a wid variety of data, including frequency distributions and relative frequency distributions.</li>
<li>When data include a large number of categories or numerical values, the categories or values are often grouped together in a smaller number of groups and the corresponding frequencies are given.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bar Graphs: P130</li>
<li>Segmented Bar Graphs: P132</li>
<li>Histograms: P133
<ul>
<li>Compared to bar graphs, histrograms must have a number line for the horizontal axis, and there are no regular spaces between the bars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Circle Graphs: P135</li>
<li>Scatterplots: P136</li>
<li>Line Graphs: P138</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="42-numerical-methods-for-describing-data">4.2 Numerical Methods for Describing Data</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>statistics, statistical measures</strong></td>
<td>统计量,统计度量</td>
<td>Data can be described numerically by various statistics, or statistical measures. These statistical measures are often grouped in three categories: measures of central tendency, measures of position, and measures of dispersion.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>central tendency</strong></td>
<td>集中趋势(中心趋势,指均数、中数、众数)</td>
<td>Measures of central tendency indicate the “center” of the data along the number line and are usually reported as values that represent the data. There are three common measures of central tendency: 1. the arithmetic mean/average/mean; 2. the median; 3. the mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>arithmetica mean / average / mean</strong></td>
<td>算术平均数</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>median</strong></td>
<td>中位数</td>
<td>The median is a measure of central tendency that is fairly unaffected by unusually high or low values relative to the rest of the data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>mode</strong></td>
<td>众数</td>
<td>The mode of a list of numbers is the number that occurs most frequently in the list.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>weighted mean</strong></td>
<td>加权平均数</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>weight</strong></td>
<td>权重</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>position</strong></td>
<td>位置,分位</td>
<td>The three most basic positions, or locations, in a list of numerical data ordered from least to greatest are the beginning, the end, and the middle. It is useful here to label these as <em>L</em> for the least, <em>G</em> for the greatest, and <em>M</em> for the median. Aside from these, the most common measures of position are quartiles and percentiles. As with the mean and the median, the quartiles and percentiles may or may not themselves be values in the data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>quartiles</strong></td>
<td>四分位数</td>
<td>There are three quartile numbers, called the first quartile ($Q_1$) , the second quartile ($Q_2$) , and the third quartile ($Q_3$) , that divide the data into four roughly equal groups. <br />There are various rules to determine the exact values of $Q_1$ and $Q_3$, and the most common rule is that $Q_1$ is the median of the first half of the data in the ordered list and $Q_3$ is the median of the second half of the data in the ordered list. <br /><em>eg:</em> 4 is in the first quartile. The phase “in a quartile” refers to being in one of the four groups determined by $Q_1$, $Q_2$, and $Q_3$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>percentiles</strong></td>
<td>百分位数</td>
<td>There are 99 percentile numbers that divide the data into 100 roughly equal groups ($P_1, P_2, P_3, … , P_{99}$) . Consequently, $Q_1 = P_{25}, M = Q_2 = P_{50}, Q_3 = P_{75}$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>dispersion</strong></td>
<td>散布,离差,差量</td>
<td>Measures of dispersion indicate the degree of spread of the data. Tho most common statistics used as measures of dispersion are the range, the interquartile range, and the standart deviation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>range</strong></td>
<td>极差</td>
<td>The range of the numbers in a group of data is the difference between the greatest number <em>G</em> in the data and the least number <em>L</em> in the data; that is, <em>G</em> - <em>L</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>outlier</strong></td>
<td>离群值,异常值</td>
<td>Outliers are unusually small or unusually large in comparison with the rest of the data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>interquartile</strong></td>
<td>四分位数,四分点</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>interquartile range</strong></td>
<td>四分位数间距,四分位差</td>
<td>A measure of dispersion that is not usually affected by outliers is the interquartile range. It is defined as the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile; that is, $Q_3 - Q_1$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>boxplot, box-and-whisker plot</strong></td>
<td>箱线图,箱形图,盒须图</td>
<td>$L, Q_1, Q_2, Q_3, G$ can be plotted along a number line to show where the four quartile groups lie. Such plots are called boxplots or box-and-whisker plots, because a box is used to identify each of the two middle quartile groups of data, and “whiskers” extend outward from the boxes to the least and greatest values.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>standard deviation (population standard deviation)</strong></td>
<td>标准差</td>
<td>The standard deviation is a measure of spread that depends on each number in the list. Using the mean as the center of the data, the standard deviation takes into account how much each value differs from the eman and then takes a type of average of these differences.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>sample standard deviation</strong></td>
<td>样本标准差</td>
<td>The sample standard deviation is qualified with the word “sample” and is computed by dividing the sum of the squared differences by <em>n</em> - 1 instead of <em>n</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>standardization</strong></td>
<td>标准化</td>
<td>The process of subtracting the mean from each value and then dividing the result by the standard deviation is called standardization. Standardization is a useful tool because for each data value, it provides a measure of position relative to the rest of the data independently of the variable for which the data was collected and the units of the variable. <strong>(?)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Measures of Central Tendency: P140</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Measures of Position: P142</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Measures of Dispersion: P143</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Example 4.2.9</strong>: P146 (Calculating standard deviations)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Fact about standard deviation: In <em>any group of data,</em> most of the data are within 3 standard deviations of the mean.</p>
<p>Thus, when <em>any group of data</em> are standardized, most of the data are transformed to an interval on the number line centered about 0 and extending from -3 to 3. The mean is always transformed to 0.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="43-counting-methods">4.3 Counting Methods</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>set</strong></td>
<td>集合</td>
<td>The term set has been used informally in this review to mean a collection of objects that have some property.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>members, elements</strong></td>
<td>元素</td>
<td>The objects of a set are called members or elements.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>finite</strong></td>
<td>有限的(集合)</td>
<td>Some sets are finite, which means that their members can be completely counted. <br /><em>eg:</em> For any finite set <em>S</em>, the number of elements of <em>S</em> is denoted by |S|.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>infinite</strong></td>
<td>无限的(集合)</td>
<td>Sets that are not finite are called infinite sets, such as the set of all integers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>empty set</strong></td>
<td>空集</td>
<td>A set that has no members is called the empty set and is denoted by the symbol $\varnothing$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>nonempty</strong></td>
<td>非空集</td>
<td>A set with one or more members is called nonempty.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>subset</strong></td>
<td>子集</td>
<td>If <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> are sets and all of the members of <em>A</em> are also members of <em>B</em>, then <em>A</em> is a subset of <em>B</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>list</strong></td>
<td>表 <strong>(?)</strong></td>
<td>A list is like a finite set, having members that can all be listed, but with two differences. In a list, the members are ordered-that is, rearranging the members of a list makes it a different list. Thus, the terms “first element,”“second element,” and so on, make sense in a list. Also, elements can be repeated in a list and the repetitions matter.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>intersection</strong></td>
<td>交集</td>
<td>The intersection of <em>S</em> and <em>T</em> is the set of all elements that are in both <em>S</em> and <em>T</em> and is denoted by $S \cap T$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>union</strong></td>
<td>并集</td>
<td>The union of <em>S</em> and <em>T</em> is the set of all elements that are in either <em>S</em> or <em>T</em> or both and is denoted by $S \cup T$.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>disjoint / mutually exclusive</strong></td>
<td>互斥,不相交</td>
<td>If sets <em>S</em> and <em>T</em> have no elements in common, they are called disjoint or mutually exclusive.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Venn diagram</strong></td>
<td>文氏图</td>
<td>In a Venn diagram, sets are represented by circular regions that overlap if they have elements in common but do not overlap if they are disjoint.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>universal set</strong></td>
<td>全集</td>
<td>Sometimes the circular regions are drawn inside a rectangular region, which represents a universal set, of which all other sets involved are subsets.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>inclusion-exclusion principle</strong></td>
<td>容斥原理</td>
<td>The number of elements in the union of two sets equals the sum of their individual numbers of elements minus the number of elements in their intersection. <br />| A $\cup$ B | = | A | + | B | - | A $\cap $ B |</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>multiplication principle</strong></td>
<td>乘法原理</td>
<td>Suppose there are two choices to be made sequentially and that the second choice is independent of the first choice. Suppose also that there are <em>k</em> different possibilities for the first choice and <em>m</em> different possibilities for the second choice. The multiplication principle states that under those conditions, there are <em>km</em> different possibilities for the pair of choices.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>permutation</strong></td>
<td>排列</td>
<td>The number of ways to order the <em>n</em> objects is equal to the product $n(n-1)(n-2)…(3)(2)(1)$. Each order is called a permutation, and the product above is called the number of permutations of <em>n</em> objects.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>factorial</strong></td>
<td>阶乘</td>
<td>Because products of the form $n(n-1)(n-2)…(3)(2)(1)$ occur frequently when counting objects, a special symbol $n!$, called n-factorial, is used to denote this product.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>permutations of n objects taken k at a time</strong></td>
<td>n中选k的排列数</td>
<td>$\displaystyle P_n^k =\ _nP_k = \frac{n!}{(n-k)!}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>combination</strong></td>
<td>组合</td>
<td>selecting without order <br />$(\text{number of ways to select without order}) = \frac{\text{number of ways to select wit order}}{\text{(number of ways to order)}}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>combinations of n objects taken k at a time / n choose k</strong></td>
<td>n中选k的组合数</td>
<td>$\displaystyle C_n^k =\ _nC_k = \binom{n}{k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$ <br /><em>eg0:</em> n choose 0 is 1 <br /><em>eg1:</em> n choose n is 1 <br /><em>eg2:</em> n choose k = n choose (n-k)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Sets and Lists: P149</li>
<li>Multiplication Principle: P151</li>
<li>Permutations and Factorials: P152</li>
<li>Combinations: P155</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="44-probability">4.4 Probability</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>probability experiment, random experiment</strong></td>
<td>概率实验,随机实验</td>
<td>A probability experiment, also called a random experiment, is an experiment for which the result, or outcome, is uncertain. We assume that all of the possible outcomes of an experiment are known before the experiment is performed, but which outcome will actually occur is unknown.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>outcome</strong></td>
<td>结果,输出,取值</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>sample space</strong></td>
<td>样本空间</td>
<td>The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the sample space, and any particular set of outcomes is called an event.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>event</strong></td>
<td>事件</td>
<td><em>eg0:</em> The event that both <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> occur, that is, outcomes in the set $E \cap F$.<br /><em>eg1:</em> The event that <em>E</em> or <em>F</em>, or both, occur, that is, outcomes in the set $E \cup F$. <br /><em>eg2:</em> It is common to use the shorter notation “<em>E</em> and <em>F</em>” instead of “both <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> occur” and use “<em>E</em> or <em>F</em>” instead of “<em>E</em> or <em>F</em> or both occur.”</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>probability</strong></td>
<td>概率</td>
<td>The probability of an event is a number from 0 to 1, inclusive, that indicates the likelihood that the event occurs when the experiment is performed. <br /><em>eg0:</em> If an event <em>E</em> is certain to occur, then P(E) = 1. <br /><em>eg1:</em> If an event <em>E</em> is certain not to occur, then P(E) = 0. <br /><em>eg2:</em> If an event <em>E</em> is possible but not certain to occur, then 0 < P(E) < 1. <br /><em>eg3:</em> The probability that an event <em>E</em> will not occur is equal to 1 - P(E). <br /><em>eg4:</em> If <em>E</em> is an event, then the probability of <em>E</em> is the sum of the probabilities of the outcomes in <em>E</em>. <br /><em>eg5:</em> The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of an experiment is 1. <br /><em>eg6:</em> P(either <em>E</em> or <em>F</em>, or both, occur) = P(E) + P(F) - P(both <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> occur), which is the inclusion-exclusion principle applied to probability. <br /><em>eg7:</em> If <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> are mutually exclusive, then P(both <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> occur) = 0, and therefore, P(either <em>E</em> of <em>F</em>, or both, occur) = P(E) + P(F). <br /><em>eg8:</em> <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> are said to be independent if the occurrence of either event does not affect the occurrence of the other. If two events <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> are independent, then P(both <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> occur) = P(E)P(F). <br /><em>eg9:</em> <strong>Note</strong> that if P(E) $\not =$ 0 and P(F) $\not =$ 0, then events <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> cannot be both mutually exclusive and independent. For if <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> are independent, then P(both <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> occur) = P(E)P(F) $\not =$ 0, but if <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> are mutually exclusive, then P(both <em>E</em> and <em>F</em> occur) = 0.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>random selection</strong></td>
<td>随机选择,随机抽样</td>
<td>The assumption of random selection means that each of the names is equally likely to be selected.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>equally likely</strong></td>
<td>等可能,等概率</td>
<td>In general, for a random experiment with a finite number of possible outcomes, if each outcome is equally likely to occur, then the probability that an event <em>E</em> occurs is defined by $\displaystyle P(E) = \frac{\text{the number of outcomes in the event E}}{\text{the number of possible outcomes in the experiment}}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>mutually exclusive</strong></td>
<td>互斥</td>
<td>Events that cannot occur at the same time are said to be mutually exclusive.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>independent</strong></td>
<td>独立</td>
<td><strong>(Notice the difference between “mutually exclusive” and “independent”. “Mutually exclusive” means there is only one experiment with many outcomes. “Independent” means two experiments does not affect each other.)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="45-distributions-of-data-random-variables-and-probability-distributions">4.5 Distributions of Data, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>In data analysis, variables whose values depend on chance play an important role in linking distributions of data to probability distributions. Such variables are called random variables.</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Remark & Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>class</strong></td>
<td>类</td>
<td><em>eg:</em> The measurements were grouped into 50 intervals, or classes, of 10 hours each.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>distribution curve, density curve, frequency curve</strong></td>
<td>分布曲线,密度曲线,频率曲线</td>
<td>The distribution can be modeled by a smooth curve that is close to the tops of the bars. Such a model retains the shape of the distribution but is independent of classes. The area under the curve that models the distribution is 1. This model curve is called a distribution curve, but it has other names as well, including density curve and frequency curve. <br />The purpose of the distribution curve is to give a good illustration of a large distribution of numerical data that does not depend on specific classes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>random variable</strong></td>
<td>随机变量</td>
<td>Given a distribution of data, a variable, say <em>X</em>, may be used to represent a randomly chosen value from the distribution. Such a variable <em>X</em> is an example of a random variable, which is a variable whose value is a numerical outcome of a random experiment. <br />The concept of a random variable is more general than representing a randomly chosen value from a distribution of data. A random variable can be any quantity whose value is the result of a random experiment. The possible values of the random variable are the same as the outcomes of the experiment. So any random experiment with numerical outcomes naturally has a random variable associated with it.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>probability distribution</strong></td>
<td>概率分布</td>
<td>A fundamental link between data distributions and probability distributions: For a random variable that represents a randomly chosen value from a distribution of data, the probability distribution of the random variable is the same as the relative frequency distribution of the data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>mean of the random variable <em>X</em> / expected value</strong></td>
<td>随机变量<em>X</em>的均值/数学期望,预期值</td>
<td>Another name for the mean of a random variable is expected value. <br />The mean of the random variable <em>X</em> is the sum of the products XP(X) for all values of <em>X</em>, that is, the sum of each value of <em>X</em> multiplied by its corresponding probability P(X).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>discrete random variables</strong></td>
<td>离散随机变量</td>
<td>Whose values consist of discrete points on a number line. <br /><strong>Fundamental Link:</strong> In a histogram representing the probability distribution of a random variable, the area of each bar is proportional to the probability represented by the bar.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>uniform distribution</strong></td>
<td>均匀分布</td>
<td>Each of the bars in the histogram of the probability distribution would have the same height. Such a flat histogram indicates a uniform distribution, since the probability is distributed uniformly over all possible outcomes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>approximately normally distributed</strong></td>
<td>近似正态分布</td>
<td>Many natural processes yield data that have a relative frequency distribution shaped somewhat like a bell. Such data are said to be approximately normally distributed and have four properties. <br />Property 1: The mean, median, and mode are all nearly equal. <br />Property 2: The data are grouped fairly symmetrically about the mean. <br />Property 3: About two-thirds of the data are within 1 standard deviation of the mean. <br />Property 4: Almost all of the data within 2 standard deviations of the mean.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>continuous probability distribution</strong></td>
<td>连续概率分布</td>
<td>The region below a distribution curve represents a distribution called a continuous probability distribution. There are many different continuous probability distributions, but the most important one is the normal distribution, which has a bell-shaped curve. <br />The area of the region under the curve is 1, and the areas of vertical slices of the region, like the areas of the bars of a histogram, are equal to probabilities of a random variable associated with the distribution. Such a random variable is called a continuous random variable.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>normal distribution</strong></td>
<td>正态分布</td>
<td>The properties listed above for the approximately normal distribution of data hold for the normal distribution, except that the mean, median, and mode are exactly the same and the distribution is perfectly symmetric about the mean. <br />A normal distribution, though always shaped like a bell, can be centered around any mean and can be spread out to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the standard deviation. The less the standard deviation, the less spread out the curve is; that is to say, at the mean the curve is higher and as you move away from the mean in either direction it drops down toward the horizontal axis faster.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>continuous random variable</strong></td>
<td>连续随机变量</td>
<td>Continuous random variable plays the same role as a random variable that represents a randomly chosen value from a distribution of data. The main difference is that we seldom consider the event in which a continuous random variables is equal to a single values like X=3; rather, we consider events that are described by intervals of values such as 1 < X < 3 and X > 10.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>standard normal distribution</strong></td>
<td>标准正态分布</td>
<td>The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and standard deviation equal to 1. To transform a normal distribution with a mean of <em>m</em> and a standard deviation of <em>d</em> to a standard normal distribution, you standardize the values; that is, you subtract <em>m</em> from any observed value of the normal distribution and then divide the result by <em>d</em>. <br /><em>eg0:</em> 1 deviation from the mean: P = 0.683 <br /><em>eg1:</em> 3 deviation from the mean: P = 0.9987</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Distributions of Data: P165</li>
<li>Random Variables: P167</li>
<li>The Normal Distribution: P175</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="46-data-interpretation-examples">4.6 Data Interpretation Examples</h4>
<h4 id="data-analysis-exercises-p185">Data Analysis Exercises: P185</h4>
<hr />
<h3 id="summary">Summary</h3>
<p>算术:整数,分数,小数,实数集,加减乘除,指数和开方,比例和百分数</p>
<p>代数:代数表达式,等式/方程,不等式,函数,代数应用,坐标几何,函数图像,代数解题工具</p>
<p>几何:线,角,平面图形(多边形,三角形,四边形,圆),基本三维图形,坐标几何(代数部分已提及)</p>
<p>数据分析:数据表示,数数,概率,数据分布,随机变量,概率分布,数据演绎</p>
<hr />
<h3 id="appendix">Appendix</h3>
<p><strong>Appendix 0. 多边形</strong></p>
<p>Triangle 三角形</p>
<p>rectangle 矩形</p>
<p>square 正方形</p>
<p>quadrilateral/quadrangle/tetragon 四边形 <strong>(later是边,angle是角)</strong></p>
<p>pentagon 五边形</p>
<p>hexagon 六边形</p>
<p>septangle/heptagon/sepilateral 七边形</p>
<p>octagon 八边形</p>
<p>decagon 十边形</p>
<p>hexadecagon 十六边形</p>
<ul>
<li>-angle(角), -agon(度), -later-(边), -hedron(体)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Appendix 1. 英语数字前缀</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>number</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Latin</th>
<th>Greek</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>one</td>
<td>uni</td>
<td>mono</td>
<td>unique, uniform, unipolar(单极的); monologue(独白), monogamy, monochrome, monopolize(垄断,独占), monotone(单调音,单色调)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>two</td>
<td>du/bi</td>
<td>dis/dy/di</td>
<td>bilingual(双语的), bilateral(双边的), bimonthly; dioxide, disyllable(双音节词), digraph(双字一音;有向图)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>three</td>
<td>tri</td>
<td>tri</td>
<td>triangle, tricycle, trilogy(三部曲)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>four</td>
<td>quadr/quart</td>
<td>tetra</td>
<td>quadrangle(四边形), quadruped(四足动物), quadruple(四倍), quarter(四分之一), quartet(四重奏); tetragon(四边形), tetrahedron(四面体), tetralogy(四部曲)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>five</td>
<td>quint</td>
<td>penta</td>
<td>quintuple(五倍), quintet(五重奏), quincentenary(五百周年纪念的); pentagon(五角大楼), pentathlon(五项全能), pentad(五个一组;五价元素)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>six</td>
<td>sex(t)</td>
<td>hexa</td>
<td>sexangle, sextet(六重奏), sexfoil(六折的); hexagon, hexahedron(六面体), hexapod(六足虫,昆虫)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>seven</td>
<td>sept</td>
<td>hept(a)</td>
<td>septangle, septennial(七年一度的), septavalent(七价的); heptagon, heptahedron, heptachord(七弦琴)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>eight</td>
<td>octo</td>
<td>octo</td>
<td>octopus(章鱼), octapod(章鱼类生物), octuple(八倍), octagon, octet(八人合唱团), octahedron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>nine</td>
<td>nov/non</td>
<td>ennea</td>
<td>nonagon, nonet(九重奏), nonuple(九倍); ennead(九个一组的), enneagon, enneasyllable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ten</td>
<td>dec</td>
<td>deca/deka</td>
<td>**(deci-, 十分之一) ** decimalism(十进制), decimeter, decigram, decibel(分贝), decimate(取十分之一;大量毁灭,严重破坏); decade(十年), decagon, decaliter(十升), decathlon(十项全能运动)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>half</td>
<td>semi</td>
<td>hemi</td>
<td>semicircle, semicolonial(半殖民地的,colony殖民地), semiconductor, semi-finals; hemisphere, hemicycle, hemiplegia(偏瘫)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>one hundred</td>
<td>cent</td>
<td>hect(o)</td>
<td><strong>(centi-, 百分之一)</strong> century, centigrade(摄氏度), centimeter; hectogram(百克), hectoliter(百升), hectometer(百米)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>one thousand</td>
<td>mill</td>
<td>kilo</td>
<td><strong>(milli-, 千分之一)</strong> millennium(千年,千周年纪念日), milligram(毫克), millipede(马陆,千足虫), millennial(一千年的,千禧年); kilowatt, kilometer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ten hundred thousand</td>
<td>mega</td>
<td>mega</td>
<td>megawatt, megaton(百万吨)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>many</td>
<td>multi</td>
<td>poly</td>
<td>multitude(多数,大量), multimedia, multifunctional(多功能的); polycentric(多元的), polygon(多边形), polyglot(通晓多种语言的)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>multiple & faction</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>single</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>double</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>triple</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>quadruple</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>quintuple</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sextuple</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>septuple</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>octuple</td>
<td>8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>nonuple</td>
<td>9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>decuple</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>deci</td>
<td>1/10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>centi</td>
<td>1/100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>milli (eg: millimeter)</td>
<td>1/1000</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Appendix 2. 参考文献</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/22890294</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>官方quantitative复习资料传送:http://www.ets.org/s/gre/pdf/gre_math_review.pdf</p>
<p>https://www.ets.org/gre/khan</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>英语数字前缀:https://wenku.baidu.com/view/9d309a60a98271fe910ef946.html</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>盒须图:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_plot</p>
</li>
</ol>ykx[TOC]Vim Configuration2018-04-02T10:26:00+00:002018-04-02T10:26:00+00:00https://sceneryinmirror.github.io/Vim-Configuration<h3 id="参考文献">参考文献</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Vim的简单配置:<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/lhy2932226314/article/details/69668891">https://blog.csdn.net/lhy2932226314/article/details/69668891</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>消除搜索后的关键字高亮:<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/shaoshaoh/article/details/1694451">https://blog.csdn.net/shaoshaoh/article/details/1694451</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>su密码修改:<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/david_xtd/article/details/7229325">https://blog.csdn.net/david_xtd/article/details/7229325</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Vim跨文件复制粘贴:<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/yoyo-sincerely/p/5866206.html">https://www.cnblogs.com/yoyo-sincerely/p/5866206.html</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>同一窗口打开多个终端并使用快捷键切换:<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/u013623867/article/details/19022923">https://blog.csdn.net/u013623867/article/details/19022923</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="配置文件vimrc">配置文件.vimrc</h3>
<pre><code class="language-C">"======================
"File Settings
"======================
filetype on " 检测文件类型
"filetype indent on " 不同文件不同缩进方式
"filetype plugin on " 允许插件
filetype plugin indent on " 启动自动补全
"set filetype=c
"syntax enable " 开启语法高亮
syntax on " 开启语法高亮
"set autoread " 文件修改后自动读入
"set guifont=Monaco\ 12 " 设置字体
set history=2000 " 设置历史记录条数
"set mouse=a " Vim中可以使用鼠标
set nobackup " 设置取消备份
set noswapfile " 禁止临时文件生成
"======================
"Display Settings
"======================
set laststatus=2 " 总是显示状态栏
set lbr " 不在单词中间折行
set nowrap " 指定不折行
set nu " 显示行号(nu)
set ruler " 显示当前行号列号
set scrolloff=1 " 光标移动至少保留的行数
set showcmd " 在状态栏显示正在输入的命令
set showmatch " 设置代码匹配,包括括号匹配情况
set showmode " 左下角显示当前Vim模式
"highlight Function cterm=bold, ctermbg=red
"======================
"Format Settings
"======================
" 设置代码折叠
"set foldenable
"set foldmethod=indent
"set foldlevel=99
"manual " 手工折叠
"indent " 缩进折叠
"expr " 表达式折叠
"syntax " 语法折叠
"diff " 对没有更改的文件折叠
"marker " 标记折叠
" 设置C/C++方式自动对齐
set autoindent
set cindent
set smartindent
set shiftwidth=4 " 设置自动对齐空格数
set softtabstop=4 " 按退格键时可以一次删除4个空格
set et " 编辑时可以将所有tab设置为空格(expandtab)
set smarttab " 使用backspace直接删除tab
set tabstop=4 " 设置tab宽度
"======================
"Search Settings
"======================
set hls " 设置搜索高亮(hlsearch),用noh取消高亮
"set ignorecase " 设置搜索时忽略大小写
set incsearch " 开启及时搜索(is)
"set smartcase " 搜索时尝试smart,智能大小写匹配
"======================
"FileEncode Settings
"======================
set encoding=utf-8 " 设置编码方式
set ffs=unix,dos,mac " 将UNIX作为标准文件类型
" 设置打开文件的编码格式
"set fileencoding=ucs-bom,utf-8,cp936,gb18030,big5,euc-jp,euc-kr,latinl
set formatoptions+=m " 如遇Unicode值大于255的文本,不必等到空格再折行
set formatoptions+=B " 合并两行中文时,不在中间加空格
set helplang=cn " 显示中文
set termencoding=utf-8 " 只对终端影响(默认)
"======================
"Theme Settings
"======================
set background=dark
"colorscheme molokai
"colorscheme solarized
set t_Co=256
"set guioptions+=b " 添加水平滚动条
"set guioptions-=m " 取消菜单栏
"set guioptions-=T " 取消导航栏
</code></pre>
<h3 id="消除搜索高亮">消除搜索高亮</h3>
<ul>
<li>:noh</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="su修改密码">su修改密码</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>设置root密码:sudo passwd root</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>su和sudo的区别:su的密码是root的密码,sudo的密码是用户的密码;su直接将身份变成root,sudo是以用户身份登录以后以root的身份运行命令,不需要知道root密码</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="vim跨文本复制粘贴">Vim跨文本复制粘贴</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>在普通模式下输入:sp横向切分一个窗口,或者:vsp纵向切分一个窗口</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在普通模式下输入:e [filename],在其中一个窗口打开另一个文件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>两个窗口切换:普通模式下ctrl+w,再按一下w就可以切换</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="同一窗口打开多个terminal">同一窗口打开多个Terminal</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>ctrl+shift+t:打开另一个tab</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>alt+n:切换tab</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ctrl+page_down/page_up:切换tab</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ctrl+shift+w:关闭当前tab</p>
</li>
</ul>ykx参考文献